The deadline for CMAT 2024 application form submission is April 23, 2024.
Parul University offers well-equipped research facilities.
Parul University provides incubation environment for student projects.
Parul University emphasizes on practical exposure and expert guidance.
Parul University collaborates with leading global universities.
Parul University offers vibrant campus life with diverse events.
Parul University emphasizes on student placements.
Parul University recognized for excellence in healthcare education.
Parul University gets sanction to establish Micro-Nano R&D Center.
NIRF ranks Parul University among top 53 for quality Pharmacy education.
Parul University is one of the leading private universities in Vadodara, Gujarat established in 2009. It is the youngest private university in India to receive the highest NAAC grade of ‘A++’. It is ranked among the top 200 universities in the NIRF Universities Ranking 2023. Parul University Vadodara has been ranked 53rd in the pharmacy category in the NIRF 2023 Rankings. PU is recognised by the University Grants Commission (UGC), and several other councils such as the Bar Council of India (BCI), the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), the Pharmacy Council of India (PCI), etc. It is also a member of the Association of Indian Universities (AIU). It has 175+ national awards and rankings.
Parul University has 36 institutes that offer 200+ courses in various fields such as engineering, medicine, management, law, arts, commerce, fine arts, etc. Some of the popular Parul University courses are B.Tech, M.Tech, MBA, BBA, BCA, MCA, B.Sc, LLB, etc. Parul University admission to these courses is based on merit secured in qualifying or entrance examinations. Moreover, It has over 160+ faculty members from IIT, NIIT, NID and NIFT, and over 500+ PhD faculty for teaching and research. Also, there are over 25,000 to 50,000 Parul University alumni with 3500+ international students of more than 75+ nationalities. It has 120+ foreign university partnerships as well.
Parul University placements are well-recognised in the industry. In 2023, it placed more than 2100 students in leading national and international companies as per the media reports. The highest package offered at Parul University in 2023 is Rs 23 lakh per annum. It also has Rs 12 Crore+ in entrepreneurship funding. Parul University campus is located in Gujarat's cultural capital, Vadodara in a 150+ acre lush green area. All the required facilities from hostels to banks are available on the campus with 24000+ in-campus residency.
In 1993, the foundation of the first institution of Parul University was laid as Parul Group of Institutes, and later established and incorporated as Parul University in 2015 under the Gujarat Private Universities (Second Amendment) Act of 2009. Parul University courses are available at UG, PG, diploma, certificate, doctoral and postdoctoral levels. These courses are accredited and approved by the concerned councils. The table below reflects on the important Parul University Vadodara highlights.
Particulars | Details |
Establishment year | Ownership type | 2009 | Private |
Campus size | 150+ acre |
Students intake | 20,000+ |
NIRF Ranking (2023) | 53 - Pharmacy 151-200 Rank Band - University List |
No. of Courses Offered | 450+ UG, PG, Integrated, PhD, and Diploma courses |
Entrance Exams Accepted | JEE Main, GUJCET, GATE, NATA, PID DAT, CAT, MAT, CMAT, NEET, UGC NET, CSIR NET |
Types of Scholarships | Cultural Scholarship, Sports Scholarship, and Defence Scholarship |
Official Website | paruluniversity.ac.in |
Qs. Why is Parul University popular?
Ans. Parul University is a well-known university for its academic excellence, vast infrastructure and good placements. The university admits around 20,000 students per year. PU ranks under the 151-200 rank band as per the NIRF universities ranking 2023. Further, the university holds 53rd rank in the pharmacy category as per NIRF Ranking 2023.
Qs. Is Parul University good for placements?
Ans. As per the Parul University placements 2023, more than 2100 students were placed. The average package offered ranges between Rs 2.5 to Rs 5 LPA. The highest package offered at Parul University is Rs 23 LPA. Moreover, the top recruiters include ABB Ltd, Infosys, Cognizant, Aditya Birla Group, CVent India Pvt Ltd, Deloitte, Knight Frank, Reliance Jio and Concentrix.
Qs. Is Parul University good for study?
Ans. Yes, Parul University is a leading private university located in Gujrat. It is the youngest private university in India to receive the NAAC A++ grade. Parul University courses are recognised by various agencies such as UGC, BCI, AICTE, PCI, NMC, Nursing Council and the Ministry of Ayush.
Qs. Does Parul University provide scholarships?
Ans. Yes, Parul University provides different types of scholarships such as ‘Cultural Scholarships’, ‘Sports Scholarships’ and ‘Defence Scholarships’. The students who fall under these categories or fulfil the eligibility criteria receive the scholarship. The scholarship amount ranges from 25% of the tuition fee to 100% of the tuition fee depending on the criteria.
Qs. What facilities are available at Parul University?
Ans. Parul University stands on a 150+ acre campus area comprising large academic buildings, a residential complex, an open-air theatre, banking services, sports facilities, cafeterias, etc. The classrooms, laboratories, and library are well-maintained with modern facilities. Students are provided with exposure and hands-on experience through curricular and extra-curricular activities.
Parul University courses are offered at UG, PG, diploma, and doctoral levels in the fields of engineering, management, pharmacy, design, architecture, computer applications, social sciences, law, and allied health sciences, among others. The list of Parul University courses includes popular professional and degree courses such as B.Tech, MBA, M.Tech, BBA, BBA+MBA, B.Des, BA LLB, etc. The Parul University fees depend on the course opted for by the student. For example, B.Tech fees at the university range between Rs 86,000 to Rs 1,78,000 per year, whereas Parul University MBA fees is Rs 1,66,000 annually.
Check out the table below to learn more about Parul University courses and fees.
Courses | 1st Year Fees | Eligibility |
B.Tech | Rs 86,000-Rs 1,78,000 | Class 12 with 45% marks Entrance exam accepted: JEE Main or GUJCET |
M.Tech | Rs 1,25,250 | Graduation: B.Tech Entrance exam accepted: GATE score |
BBA | Rs 1,16,300 | Class 12: 50% |
MBA | Rs 1,66,000 | Graduation: 50% Entrance exam accepted: CAT, MAT or CMAT |
BCA | Rs 1,16,900 | Class 12: 50% |
MCA | Rs 1,23,800 | Graduation: BCA or relevant degree |
B.Com (Hons.) | Rs 68,850 | Class 12: 50% |
M.Com (Hons.) | Rs 64,250 | Graduation |
B.Sc | Rs 30,000- Rs 1,57,500 | Class 12: 45% |
BA | Rs 65,900 | Class 12: 45% |
MA | Rs 67,250 | Graduation |
B.Pharm | Rs 1,80,900 | Class 12: 45% |
B.Des | Rs 2,50,750 | Entrance exam accepted: PID DAT score |
B.Arch | Rs 1,33,200 | Class 12 from PCM Entrance exam accepted: NATA |
LLB | Rs 60,850 | Class 12: 45% |
BHMS | Rs 2,20,000 | Class 12: 50% Entrance exam accepted: NEET UG |
BAMS | Rs 4,61,000 | Class 12: 50% |
BBA+MBA | Rs 1,34,750 | Class 12 |
BA+LLB | Rs 1,25,500 | Class 12: 45% |
Qs. What are the best courses offered at Parul University?
Ans. Some of the best courses offered at Parul University are B.Tech, MBA, M.Tech, BBA, BBA+MBA, B.Des, B.Sc, M.Sc and LLB, GNM etc. At the Diploma level, students can choose among a Diploma in Engineering, a D.Pharm, and PhD and post-doctoral courses.
Qs. What is the cost of an MBA course at Parul University?
Ans. The Parul University fees for MBA is Rs 1,66,000 per annum. The eligibility criteria for MBA admission is to obtain 50% marks in graduation and qualify for CAT, MAT or CMAT exams.
Qs. Is Parul University good for B.Tech?
Ans. Parul University has a good reputation for its engineering education and exposure. It provides one of the highest placements in Gujarat for B.Tech. The highest package offered is Rs 23 LPA and the average package ranges between Rs 2.5 LPA to 5 LPA.
Qs. What are the specialisations offered with the MBA programme?
Ans. Parul University offers several specialisations in the MBA programme namely agriculture management, banking and financial services, digital marketing and sales management, entrepreneur and innovation development, family-managed business management, etc.
Qs. What are the Parul University courses after Class 12th?
Ans. Parul University offers several UG courses after Class 12th. Some of the popular courses include B.Tech, BBA, BCA, B.Sc, BA, B.Com, B.Pharm, B.Des, B.Arch, BHMS, BAMS, BHMCT, MBBS, BSW, B.Lib and BVA.
Parul University admission is offered for several diploma, UG and PG programmes. However, the admission process and eligibility criteria for courses vary. For technical courses like B.Tech and MBA, the university follows an entrance-test-based admission and selection process. Entrance exams like JEE Main, GUJCET, CMAT, NEET etc. are accepted for Parul University admission to UG courses. Similarly, CAT, MAT, CMAT, GATE, PGCET and many other entrance exams are accepted for Parul University admission to PG courses.
PU also participates in various state-level centralised counselling processes conducted by authorities such as ACPC and ACPDC. However, there are also courses for which the Parul University selection process does not include an entrance exam. The university only considers the merit of the candidates in their last qualifying examination. Students can check out the important dates for Parul University admission for courses below.
Particulars | Dates |
Registration Start Date | Dec 2023 |
Registration End Date | June 2024 (Tentative) |
End Date for Online Courses | Jan 10, 2024 |
Eligible candidates for admission must apply to the university directly through the dedicated Parul University admission portal. Candidates can follow the below-mentioned steps to complete the Parul University application process.
Step 1: Visit the university’s official website, go to ‘Admission’, and click on ‘Apply Now’.
Step 2: Complete the registration process by providing your email ID and other basic information.
Step 3: An academic counsellor will contact you after evaluating your profile to complete the Parul University application process.
Qs. How can I get admission to Parul University?
Ans. To get admission to Parul University, go through the eligibility criteria of the desired course. Once the Parul University eligibility criteria are met, visit the official website. Now complete the registration process at the official admission portal. After submitting the Parul Univesity application, wait for a call from the academic counsellor of the university for the next steps.
Qs. Can I get direct admission in Parul University?
Ans. Yes, you can get direct admission to various courses at Parul University. Such courses are BA, BBA, BCA, B.Com, B.Sc, B.Pharm, LLB, MA, M.Com, MCA, M.Sc, etc. For Parul University admission to these courses, register through the official website and confirm your admission after completing the enrollment process.
Qs. What is the admission criteria for MBA at Parul University?
Ans. Admission to the MBA at Parul University is based on the student’s performance in CAT/MAT or CMAT examinations. Aspiring students must have a bachelor’s degree with at least 50% marks to apply for admission to the MBA programme.
Qs. How to apply for Parul University?
Ans. Follow the steps to apply for Parul University admission. Visit the official website of Parul University> Click on the admission link> Complete the registration> Get a call from the university> Complete the application and enrollment process> Pay the Parul University admission fees> Get the confirmation.
Qs. Does Parul University conduct any entrance exams?
Ans. Parul University conducts its entrance exam known as the Parul University Design Admission Test (PU-DAT) for admission to B.Des programmes. Moreover, it accepts various entrance exams such as GUJCET/JEE Main for admission to B.Tech and CAT/MAT/CMAT for admission to MBA.
Parul University cutoff 2023 is available for different courses such as B.Tech, MBA, BHMS and BAMS. ACPC releases the Parul University BTech cutoff lists for both state quota and all India quota B.Tech seats. The state quota cutoff for Parul University B.Tech admission is based on GUJCET scores while all India cutoff ranks are based on JEE Main scores. Moreover, admission to BAMS, BHMS and MBBS is based on the NEET UG cutoff and admission to MBA is based on the CMAT, CAT and MAT cutoff. Learn more about the Parul University cutoff 2023 for GUJCET, JEE Main, NEET and CMAT in the table below.
Programmes | Category | Closing Rank |
Aeronautical Engineering | OPEN | 29706.00 |
Computer Science & Engineering | OPEN | 30460.00 |
Civil Engineering | OPEN | 28110.00 |
Computer Science & Engineering (AI) | OPEN | 30391.00 |
TFWs | 20310.00 | |
Computer Science & Engineering (Big Data & Analysis) | OPEN | 29379.00 |
Computer Science & Engineering(Block Chain Technology) | OPEN | 29819.00 |
Computer Science & Engineering (Cloud Computing) | OPEN | 30180.00 |
Computer Science & Engineering (IOT) | OPEN | 25773.00 |
Computer Science & Engineering (Cyber Security) | OPEN | 30203.00 |
Electrical Engineering | OPEN | 28138.00 |
Electronics & Communication Engg. | OPEN | 30489.00 |
Information Technology | OPEN | 30001.00 |
TFWs | 7359.00 | |
Automobile Engineering | OPEN | 25974.00 |
Bio-Technology | OPEN | 18682.50 |
EWS | 28806.00 | |
Chemical Engineering | OPEN | 30128.00 |
Computer Engineering | OPEN | 14249.00 |
EWS | 18714.00 | |
OPEN | 30372.00 | |
Computer Science & Engineering(AI) | OPEN | 30531.00 |
Computer Science & Engineering (Big Data & Analysis) | OPEN | 28551.00 |
Computer Science & Engineering(Cyber Security) | OPEN | 29666.00 |
Food Technology | OPEN | 24025.00 |
Robotics and Automation | OPEN | 29994.00 |
Course | Closing Rank - 2021 | Closing Rank - 2022 |
BHMS | 9940 | 320303 |
BAMS | 7744 | 216931 |
Course | Cutoff |
MBA | 50 Percentile |
Qs. What is the Parul University cutoff 2023 as per JEE Mains?
Ans. Parul University cutoff for B.Tech admission is released by ACPC for both JEE Main GUJCET together. In 2023, the B.Tech cutoff as per ACPC Round 1 was 30460 for CSE, 28110 for civil engineering, 30489 for ECE, 28138 for electrical engineering and 30128.00 for chemical engineering.
Qs. Can I get Parul University with 26000 rank in GUJCET?
Ans. Whether you get Parul University with 26000 ranks in GUJCET depends on the choice of branch. For example, Parul University cutoff 2023 in the first round of couselling was 30460 for B.Tech CSE, 29706 for B.Tech in Aeronautical Engineering and 18682 for B.Tech in Biotechnology.
Qs. What is the ACPC Round 1 closing rank for Parul University B.Tech CSE?
Ans. The Parul University 2023 cutoff for B.Tech CSE in the first round of ACPC couselling was 30460. The closing rank was reduced to 30409 for the last round of couselling.
Qs. What is the Parul University CMAT cutoff?
Ans. Parul University MBA cutoff 2023 for CMAT was 50 percentile. Students scoring at least 50 percentile were selected for the next round of the MBA admission process.
Parul University has been ranked at the 53rd position by the NIRF 2023 Rankings in the Pharmacy category. Apart from that, it was also ranked by different agencies such as India Today and Outlook. The tables below contain all the important Parul University rankings 2023 and for previous years.
Category | NIRF Ranking | |
2023 | 2022 | |
Pharmacy | 53 | 86 |
University Ranking | 151-200 | - |
Parul University Vadodara has been ranked by several nationally recognised authorities, and some of them are as below:
Stream | Details |
BBA |
|
BCA |
|
MBA |
|
Parul University placements are managed by its placement cell. The university has not released the Parul University placement report 2023 yet. However, few statistics based on the media reports are available for reference. The highest package recorded is Rs 23 lakh per annum. Further, the Parul University average package ranges between Rs 2.5 LPA to Rs 5 LPA lakh per annum. The Training and Placement Cell of Parul University has placed more than 2100 students in 2023. It has industrial ties with companies such as L&T, Tata, Sandvik, John Deere, Reliance, Amazon, Mahindra, HDFC Bank, Alembic Pharmaceutical, etc., Learn more about Parul University placements below.
Particulars | Details |
Total Number of Students Placed | 2100+ |
Package Bagged by Top 5% | Rs 10 LPA |
Package Bagged by 550 Students | Rs 5 LPA to Rs 10 LPA |
Package Bagged by 1500 Students | Rs 2.5 LPA to Rs 5 LPA |
Highest Package | Rs 23 LPA |
ABB Ltd | Infosys | Cognizant |
Aditya Birla Group | CVent India Pvt Ltd | Deloitte |
Knight Frank | Reliance Jio | Concentrix |
Qs. What is the Parul University placement package for CSE?
Ans. Parul University is yet to release the placement packages for B.Tech CSE in 2023. However, In 2022, the highest package for B.Tech CSE at Parul University stood at Rs 18 LPA.
Qs. What is the highest package offered at Parul University?
Ans. As per the media reports, Parul University highest package for 2023 has been recorded at Rs 23 LPA.
Qs. How are placements at Parul University?
Ans. Parul University is well-known for its placements and opportunities. The average package for Parul University in 2023 is 2.5 LPA -5 LPA. In 2022, the average package was Rs 7 LPA.
Qs. Which companies visit Parul University for placements?
Ans. In 2023, the top recruiters visiting Parul University for placements include Juspay, Metadata, E6data, Nestle, Piramal Finance, Informatica, Deloitte, Reliance, Indian Oil, etc.
There are a total of three scholarship schemes offered at Parul University. Students can check the scholarship details below. Parul University scholarships are for both meritorious and needy students including:
Eligibility Criteria
Applicants must have represented their school and won prizes (I, II, III) in cultural and literary activities at the state/national/international level.
Parul University Cultural Scholarship Amount
Cultural Scholarship at Parul University is offered in the form of a tuition fee waiver to those students who participate and win awards (first prize, second prize, gold medal, silver medal etc) at different levels as follows:
Eligibility Criteria
Participation in International sports, national sports, All India Inter-University sports, SGFI National, Khelo India University Game, West Zone Inter-University Games etc.
Parul University Sports Scholarship Amount
The 150+ acre vibrant fully-wifi campus of Parul University is a fusion of both cultural and modern eras. Given below are the major highlights of Parul University infrastructure.
Parul University has been recognised by and accredited with eminent government agencies. Given below are the awards, recognition, accreditation and collaborations of Parul University.
Parul University is spread over a 150-acre lush green campus, which has been home to numerous national and foreign students from 65 nations. This makes Parul University a culturally global destination for higher education. Every year, thousands of national and international students become a part of the vibrant Parul University campus. The Parul University Vadodara campus facilities include a hospital and medical facilities, wifi, an auditorium, a shuttle service, a gym, a library, a cafeteria, a sports complex and laboratories.
To check GUJCET merit for Parul University admission, aspirants are advised to follow the steps given below :
1)Go to the GUJCET result website at result.gseb.org.
2) Select the "Result" link.
3)Enter the seat number from your GUJCET hall ticket.
4)Press the "Go" button.
5)The GUJCET result will be displayed on the screen.
More than 450 courses are available at Parul University to aid students in advancing their careers and honing their talents. The institution provides a wide range of courses, including undergraduate, graduate, diploma, certificate, and PhD programmes in fields including engineering, medicine, humanities, pharmacy, design, and business. Parul University fee structure was developed with consideration for the fact that it is a self-funded university.
The Parul University faculty members hail from IITs, IIMs, NITs, IISC, and top institutions. They help the students prepare for the future and promote academic and research excellence among them. A few notable faculty members are Prof. Bhagyajit Raval, Dean of Faculty Of Architecture, Dr. Ajay Trivedi, Dean of Faculty of Commerce, Dr. Vipul Vekariya, Dean of Faculty Of Engineering, Dr. Poorav Desai, Dean of Faculty Of Homeopathy, Dr. V. P. Hathila, Dean of Faculty Of Medicine and Dr. Abhay Dharamsi, Dean of Faculty Of Pharmacy to name a few.
Parul University is one of the leading private universities established in 2009. Today, Parul University is the country’s one of the leading private universities with impeccable records in academics and placements. Parul University Vadodara has received the highest NAAC score of ‘A++’, making it the youngest private university in India to receive the grade. Under the Gujarat Private Universities (Second Amendment) Act of 2015, the Parul University campus was established with a student admission capacity of more than 8,000, making it the largest private institution in Western India.
Parul University Vadodara is not only the leading private university of Gujarat but is also one of the leading private universities in India and the best private university in the Western Indian region. According to ARIIA, the Ministry of Education, it is one of the top 200 private institutions for leading innovation accomplishments in 2023. (MoE).
Despite being a private university, the Parul University fees structure is quite reasonable compared to other private institutions. For example, Parul University B.Tech fees starts from Rs 86,000 per year, the M.Tech fees is Rs 1,25,250 and Parul University MBA fees is Rs 1,66,000 per year. Overall, the fees structure at Parul University ranges from Rs 40,000 to 2,25,000 per year.
Parul University Vadodara has a total of 2500+ faculties like faculty of arts, faculty of public health, faculty of architecture & planning, faculty of management, faculty of law and many more
Overall: The university is famous for its curriculum and amazing placement opportunities. The ensure good quality education and diverse amount of courses for the betterment of students.
Placement: Big firms and management companies approach the college and allow students to gain best experience through internships and programmes. The also provide secure jobs for freshers.
Infrastructure: Very good Infrastructure of the college. Big spacious rooms for the hostel and proper food and sanitation facilities are available. The security is tight.
Faculty: Teachers are highly qualified and skilled , they give students opportunity to work on their skills and allow them to build a career which is secure and growing.
Hostel: Hostel is very big and properly maintained. The rooms , the food and sanitation, the corridors and everything else is cleanly maintained. High security and healthcare facilities are available.
Overall: The university aims to provide quality education and foster research and innovation among its students. It has modern infrastructure, well-equipped laboratories, libraries, and other facilities to support academic and research activities.
Placement: The placements in the College is taken care by the placement cell and maximum people out there might get placements through on-campus. If you can't get the placements , you can do internships with good projects and can get your employement.
Infrastructure: campus boasts scenic beauty and ample recreational areas, providing a conducive environment for leisure activities. Library houses an extensive collection of books catering to diverse interest.
Faculty: All the faculty members are well-educated, having CA and CS degrees, and all have Ph.D. degrees. Though the teaching style of many faculty members is not up to that level, still, there are many good faculty members with a good teaching style
Hostel: There was only veg meals available. They were provided 2 type of food per meal. Everything is unlimited. The food was very good and hygiene. The room size was much more spacing for 2 people.
Overall: University provides a good Infrastructures, Experienced faculteis, learning experience, practical knowledge, and opportunities for internships and placements.
Placement: Placements are very good in our college, according to seniors. Most of the placements were in mass recruitment, with maximum students getting placed into companies like Wipro, TCS, Cognizant, etc., few of them getting off campus placements into companies like Google and Amazon.
Infrastructure: There was no Wi-Fi in classrooms for students. Classrooms and library were in good condition. Hostels were not allowed for diploma students. Our college had a canteen, medical staff, sports, and games for students.
Faculty: Professors are good and highly qualified. Notes are given to students on time. The passing percentage is 50 of 100. The course curriculum taught is relevant to make students work in industries and pharmacies.
Hostel: hostels are available for girls and boys with good food. There are neat and clean rooms. In hostels they provide Wi-Fi, beds, gyms, etc. overall good hostel facilities.
Overall: Fabulous campus and faculty of the college is best, infrasstructures of the college is good, greenery ground, familiear teaches, library, sports ground also here.
Placement: placements of the college was so good Many companies comes every year for the final placements like Amazon,Morgan Stanley,KPMG,Havells,Publcis Sapients,etc T
Faculty: Teachers are very helpful. They help us in every condition. All teachers are qualified and have a lot of knowledge. They provide high-quality notes. most of the teachers are Ph.D. qualified, and some are master's qualified
Hostel: They have their own hostels with minimum amount of fees. They provide well safety and security to the students. The food is also good. Hostel also carries with mess halls library gym indoor and outdoor playing areas etc
Overall: I took admission in the BBA Marketing course at Parul University. The programme was three years long and was full time. The tuition fees was Rs 80,000 per year. Overall, my experience was great. The faculty members were nice and helped us out with the programme structure. The campus was huge and had a diverse crowd. Students from all over India were present. I got to learn about different cultures. The student crowd was welcoming and accommodating.
Placement: BBA placements were good. While many of my classmates opted for higher studies, some of us also sat for placements. Companies like ICICI Bank, PNB, Asian Paints, etc. visited the campus during placements to hire students. I was able to secure a job opportunity at IBM with a package of Rs 2.4 LPA.
Infrastructure: The infrastructure was modern. The classrooms had AC and had audio visual equipment. Each department had their dedicated library on campus. There was also a medical centre. If you are interested in sports, there are several amenities for that as well. Football, cricket, volleyball courts were there.
Faculty: The faculty members were extremely helpful and kind. They always cleared our doubts regarding any topic. They also accompanied use to the industry visits providing the necessary training.
Hostel: The hostels as heard from some of my classmates was cosy and home like. The rooms were spacious, the food was good and there was even a common room with television. The hostel fee ranged from Rs 77,000 to Rs 1.27 lakh. I was a resident of Vadodara so I did not opt for a hostel.