Tamil Nadu HSC Class 12 Botany Exam 2026 LIVE: Practice Questions, Topics & Short Notes for Last Minute Preparation

01 15 PM IST - 23 Mar'26

Tamil Nadu HSC Class 12 Botany Exam 2026: Exam Over

The examination is over. Soon, the student reviews will be collected, and provided on the page below, along with an unofficial answer key, which will be formed as soon as we receive the question papers. Stay tuned!

01 00 PM IST - 23 Mar'26

Last 15 Minutes Left

Only the last 15 minutes are left for the test to conclude. Most candidates are revising their answers.

12 00 PM IST - 23 Mar'26

Tamil Nadu HSC Class 12 Botany Exam 2026: Half Duration

Candidates have 1 hour 15 minutes more to finish the paper. By now, many candidates have started answering the second part of the paper.

11 00 AM IST - 23 Mar'26

Exam Started

The exam started at 10:15 PM, and 45 minutes have passed since. Candidates are answering the initial segment of the paper.

10 00 AM IST - 23 Mar'26

Tamil Nadu HSC Class 12 Botany Exam 2026: Candidates are Seated

All candidates are seated in their respective seats. The question papers will be circulated among the test-takers soon after the admit cards are verified. The exam will start at 10:15 AM.

09 00 AM IST - 23 Mar'26

Reporting Time

​​​​​​Candidates are reporting to the exam venue for the pre-identification process. The admit cards will be checked by the invigilators soon.

08 00 AM IST - 23 Mar'26

Tamil Nadu Board 12th Public Botany Exam 2026: Short Notes on Types of Symbiosis

• Mutualism: Both species benefit (e.g., Lichens - Algae and Fungi).
• Commensalism: One benefits, the other is unaffected (e.g., Orchids growing on Mango trees).
• Parasitism: One benefits (parasite) at the expense of the other (host) (e.g., Cuscuta).

07 00 AM IST - 23 Mar'26

Short Notes on Anatomical Adaptations of Xerophytes

• Epidermis: Usually multiple layers with a thick Cuticle to prevent transpiration.
• Stomata: Sunken stomata located in pits to reduce water loss.
• Tissues: Presence of well-developed mechanical tissue and water-storing parenchyma (succulents).

06 00 AM IST - 23 Mar'26

Tamil Nadu Board 12th Public Botany Exam 2026: Short Notes on Morphological Adaptations of Hydrophytes

• Roots: May be absent (Wolffia), poorly developed (Hydrilla), or have root pockets (Pistia) instead of root caps.
• Stem: Long, slender, and flexible to withstand water currents.
• Leaves: Floating leaves are large and waxy; submerged leaves are often finely dissected to reduce resistance.

05 00 AM IST - 23 Mar'26

Short Notes on Applications of Bt Cotton

• Mechanism: Contains the cry gene from Bacillus thuringiensis.
• Function: Produces a crystal protein (pro-toxin) that becomes active in the alkaline gut of insects like bollworms, causing death.
• Benefit: Reduces the need for chemical pesticides and increases crop yield.

04 00 AM IST - 23 Mar'26

Tamil Nadu Board 12th Public Botany Exam 2026: Important Topic 22 For Study

Environmental Issues and Conservation

Key focus areas include the impact of pollution, global warming, and the depletion of natural resources. Sustainable practices and conservation strategies are vital for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem health.

03 00 AM IST - 23 Mar'26

Short Notes on Plant Tissue Culture: Totipotency

• Concept: Totipotency is the inherent ability of a single plant cell to grow into a complete plant.
• Explant: Any part of the plant (leaf, root, node) used to initiate a culture.
• Media: The nutrient-rich medium (usually MS Medium) providing minerals, vitamins, and hormones (Auxin and Cytokinin).

02 00 AM IST - 23 Mar'26

Tamil Nadu Board Class 12 Public Botany Exam 2026: Important Topic 21 For Study

Ecological Principles and Adaptations

Ecology explores the relationships between organisms and their environment across various levels. Plants show specific morphological and anatomical adaptations to survive in habitats like water (hydrophytes) or deserts (xerophytes).

01 00 AM IST - 23 Mar'26

Important QnA 22 for Revision

Question: Define 'Bio-fertilizers'.

Answer: Bio-fertilizers are preparations containing living cells of microorganisms (like Rhizobium or Azolla) that enhance the nutrient quality of the soil by fixing atmospheric nitrogen or solubilizing phosphorus.

12 00 AM IST - 23 Mar'26

Tamil Nadu HSC Class 12 Botany Exam 2026: Exam Today

Tamil Nadu HSC Class 12 Botany Exam 2026 will be held today, March 23, from 10:15 to 1:15 PM. Candidates will be required to answer the question paper in pen-and-paper mode.

11 00 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Short Notes on Steps in Recombinant DNA Technology

• Isolation: Extracting the desired gene and the vector DNA.
• Cutting & Ligation: Using restriction enzymes to cut and ligase to join them into a recombinant DNA (rDNA).
• Transformation: Introducing the rDNA into a host cell (usually E. coli).
• Selection: Identifying the transformed cells and growing them to produce the desired product (e.g., Insulin).

10 40 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Tamil Nadu Board Class 12 Public Botany Exam 2026: Important Topic 20 For Study

Plant Tissue Culture (PTC)

PTC relies on the concept of "Totipotency," where a single plant cell can regenerate into a whole plant. It is essential for micropropagation, producing virus-free plants, and germplasm conservation.

10 20 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Important QnA 21 for Revision

Question: What is the causative agent and a symptom of 'Citrus Canker'?

Answer: It is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri. Symptoms include necrotic lesions on leaves, stems, and fruit, often surrounded by a yellow halo.

10 00 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

TN 12th Public Botany Exam 2026: Short Notes on Tools of Genetic Engineering

• Restriction Enzymes: Called "Molecular Scissors"; they cut DNA at specific palindromic sequences (e.g., EcoRI).
• DNA Ligase: Called "Molecular Glue"; it joins two DNA fragments together.
• Vectors: DNA molecules used to carry foreign genes into host cells (e.g., pBR322 plasmid).

09 40 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Important Topic 19 For Study

Biotechnology Tools and Processes

Key tools include restriction enzymes ("molecular scissors"), ligases, and vectors like plasmids. Recombinant DNA technology allows for the precise modification of organisms for medical or agricultural use.

09 20 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

TN 12th Public Botany Exam 2026:  Important QnA 20 for Revision

Question: Mention the function of 'Plasmodesmata'.

Answer: Plasmodesmata are microscopic channels that traverse the cell walls of plant cells. They allow transport and communication between individual plant cells (symplastic pathway).

09 00 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Short Notes on Ethnobotany

• Definition: The study of the relationship between people of a specific culture and their indigenous plants.
• Utility: Provides knowledge about traditional medicines (e.g., Adhatoda vasica for cough), local food sources, and natural dyes.
• Conservation: Helps in the preservation of traditional knowledge and biodiversity.

08 40 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

TN 12th Public Botany Exam 2026: Important Topic 18 For Study

Gene Interactions

Post-Mendelian findings include Incomplete Dominance (intermediate phenotypes) and Epistasis (one gene masking another). These interactions explain complex inheritance patterns like flower color in Mirabilis jalapa.

08 20 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Important QnA 19 for Revision

Question: What are 'Plasmids' in recombinant DNA technology?

Answer: Plasmids are small, circular, double-stranded, extra-chromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria. They are used as vectors to carry foreign DNA into a host cell for cloning.

08 00 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

TN 12th Public Botany Exam 2026: Short Notes on Carbon Sequestration

• Definition: The process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide to mitigate global warming.
• Biological Sequestration: Storage of carbon in vegetation (forests) and soils.
• Geological Sequestration: Capturing CO_2 from industrial sources and injecting it into underground rock formations.

07 45 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Important Topic 17 For Study

Classical Genetics: Mendelism

Gregor Mendel's laws of inheritance—Dominance, Segregation, and Independent Assortment—form the basis of modern genetics. His work used garden peas to demonstrate how traits are passed through discrete "factors".

07 30 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Tamil Nadu 12th Public Botany Exam 2026:  Important QnA 18 for Revision

Question: What is 'In-situ Conservation'? Give an example.

Answer: It is the conservation of genetic resources within their natural ecosystems. Examples include National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Biosphere Reserves.

07 15 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Short Notes on Incomplete Dominance vs. Codominance

• Incomplete Dominance: The F_1 hybrid shows an intermediate phenotype between the two parents (e.g., Pink flowers in Mirabilis jalapa).
• Codominance: Both alleles are expressed equally in the F_1 hybrid (e.g., AB blood group in humans or Red and White hairs in cattle).

07 00 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Tamil Nadu 12th Public Botany Exam 2026: Important Topic 16 For Study

Apomixis and Polyembryony

Apomixis is the substitution of sexual reproduction by asexual methods without gametic fusion. Polyembryony refers to the presence of multiple embryos in a single seed, common in Citrus.

06 45 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Important QnA 17 for Revision

Question: What are the physiological effects of 'Auxins'?

Answer: Auxins promote apical dominance (suppressing lateral buds), initiate rooting in stem cuttings, and prevent premature fruit and leaf drop. They are also responsible for phototropism (growth toward light).

06 30 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

TN Class 12 Public Botany Exam 2026: Short Notes on Mendel’s Law of Segregation

• Concept: Also known as the Law of Purity of Gametes.
• Process: During gamete formation, the two alleles of a gene pair segregate (separate) so that a gamete receives only one allele.
• Result: This ensures that the original parental traits reappear in the F_2 generation without any blending of characters.

06 15 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Important Topic 15 For Study

Endosperm Development

The endosperm serves as a nutritive tissue for the developing embryo and can be Nuclear, Cellular, or Helobial. In some seeds, it is completely consumed, while in others like coconut, it remains persistent.

06 00 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

TN Class 12 Public Botany Exam 2026:  Important QnA 16 for Revision

Question: Define 'Respiratory Quotient' (RQ).

Answer: RQ is the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide evolved to the volume of oxygen consumed during respiration. For carbohydrates, the $RQ = 1.0$, while for fats and proteins, it is less than 1.

05 45 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Important Topic 14 For Study

Double Fertilization and Triple Fusion

This unique angiosperm process involves one male gamete fusing with the egg and the other with the secondary nucleus. It results in a diploid zygote and a triploid primary endosperm nucleus (PEN).

05 30 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

TN Class 12 Public Botany Exam 2026:  Important QnA 15 for Revision

Question: Why is 'RuBisCO' considered the most abundant enzyme on Earth?

Answer: RuBisCO (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) is essential for the primary carbon fixation in all photosynthetic organisms. It catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle, converting atmospheric CO_2 into organic matter.

05 15 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Important Topic 13 For Study

Abiotic Pollination Agents

Anemophily (wind) and Hydrophily (water) are common abiotic modes where flowers are usually inconspicuous and lack nectar. Wind-pollinated plants produce enormous quantities of light, dry pollen grains.

05 00 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

​​​​​​​Tamil Nadu Class 12 Public Botany Exam 2026:  Important QnA 14 for Revision

Question: What is 'Kranz Anatomy'?

Answer: It is a specialized leaf structure found in C_4 plants (like Maize). The vascular bundles are surrounded by large, starch-containing bundle sheath cells, which are further surrounded by mesophyll cells, resembling a wreath (Kranz).

04 45 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Important Topic 12 For Study

Cross-Pollination Contrivances

Plants use mechanisms like Dichogamy (different maturation times) and Herkogamy (physical barriers) to prevent selfing. Heterostyly involves producing different forms of flowers with varying style and stamen lengths.

04 30 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Tamil Nadu Class 12 Public Botany Exam 2026:  Important QnA 13 for Revision

Question: Define 'Cladistics'.

Answer: Cladistics is a method of biological classification that groups organisms based on shared derived characteristics (synapomorphies) to show their evolutionary relationships on a tree-like diagram called a cladogram.

04 15 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Short Notes on Polyembryony

• Definition: The presence of more than one embryo in a seed.
• Types: It can be Simple (multiple eggs fertilized), Cleavage (zygote splits), or Adventive (embryos develop from nucellus or integuments).
• Practical Use: In Citrus and Mango, nucellar embryos are used to produce clones that are genetically identical to the mother plant.

04 00 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Tamil Nadu Board HSC 12th Botany Exam 2026: Important Topic 11 For Study

Pollination Strategies

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma, categorized as self-pollination (Autogamy) or cross-pollination (Allogamy). Mechanisms like Cleistogamy (closed flowers) strictly enforce self-pollination.

03 45 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Important QnA 12 for Revision

Question: Mention the botanical name and the useful part of 'Teak'.

Answer: The botanical name is Tectona grandis. The useful part is the heartwood (timber), which is highly durable and resistant to termites.

03 30 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Tamil Nadu Board HSC 12th Botany Exam 2026: Short Notes on Types of Endosperm

• Nuclear: The PEN undergoes repeated free nuclear divisions without wall formation (e.g., the liquid part of coconut).
• Cellular: Every nuclear division is immediately followed by wall formation (e.g., Adoxa).
• Helobial: The first division creates a large micropylar and a small chalazal chamber; subsequent divisions are usually free nuclear (e.g., Hydrilla).

03 15 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Important Topic 10 For Study

Organization of the Embryo Sac 

The mature female gametophyte (Polygonum type) is a 7-celled, 8-nucleate structure. It contains an egg apparatus (egg and two synergids), three antipodal cells, and a large central cell with two polar nuclei.

03 00 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Tamil Nadu Board HSC 12th Botany Exam 2026:  Important QnA 11 for Revision

Question: What is the role of 'Nitrosomonas' in the Nitrogen cycle?

Answer: Nitrosomonas is a nitrifying bacterium that converts ammonia (NH_3) into nitrites (NO_2^-) during the process of nitrification, making nitrogen more accessible to plants.

02 45 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Important Topic 9 For Study

Megasporogenesis Stages

A megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to form a linear tetrad of four haploid megaspores. Typically, only the chalazal megaspore remains functional to develop into the embryo sac while the others degenerate.

02 30 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Tamil Nadu Board HSC 12th Botany Exam 2026:  Important QnA 10 for Revision

Question: What is 'Heterosis' or 'Hybrid Vigour'?

Answer: Heterosis is the superiority of an F_1 hybrid over either of its parents in terms of yield, growth rate, and resistance to diseases. It is widely used in commercial crop production to increase food security.

02 15 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Classification of Ovule Types

Ovules are classified into types like Orthotropous, Anatropous (most common), and Campylotropous based on their orientation. These variations depend on the position of the micropyle relative to the funiculus and chalaza.

02 00 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Tamil Nadu Board HSC Class 12 Botany Exam 2026: Important QnA 9 for Revision

Question: Explain 'Eutrophication'.

Answer: Eutrophication is the natural or accelerated nutrient enrichment (nitrates and phosphates) of a water body. This leads to an "Algal Bloom," which depletes dissolved oxygen and causes the death of aquatic organisms.

01 45 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Short Notes on Double Fertilization and Triple Fusion

• Syngamy: One male gamete (n) fuses with the egg (n) to form a diploid Zygote (2n).
• Triple Fusion: The second male gamete (n) fuses with the diploid secondary nucleus (2n) to form the triploid Primary Endosperm Nucleus (PEN).
• Significance: It ensures the formation of endosperm (food) only after fertilization has occurred, avoiding waste of energy.

01 30 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Tamil Nadu Board HSC Class 12 Botany Exam 2026: Important Topic 7 For Study

Structure of the Ovule (Megasporangium)

A mature ovule consists of a nucellus protected by integuments, with a micropyle at one end and a chalaza at the base. The junction where the ovule body meets its stalk (funiculus) is known as the hilum.

01 15 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Important QnA 8 for Revision

Question: What is the 10% Law in an ecosystem?

Answer: Proposed by Lindeman, it states that only 10% of the energy available at one trophic level is transferred to the next higher trophic level. The remaining 90% is lost as heat during respiration and other metabolic processes.

01 00 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

TN HSC 12th Botany Exam 2026: Short Notes on Pollination in Salvia (Lever Mechanism)

• Adaptation: Salvia is an entomophilous (insect-pollinated) plant with a protandrous flower.
• Mechanism: The flower has a bi-lobed corolla and two stamens with a long, lever-like connective.
• Process: When an insect enters for nectar, it pushes the lower sterile anther lobe, causing the upper fertile anther lobe to swing down and dust pollen onto the insect's back.

12 45 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Important Topic 6 For Study

Development of Male Gametophyte 

The microspore divides mitotically to form a large vegetative cell and a small generative cell. In most angiosperms, pollen is liberated at this two-celled stage before further division into male gametes.

12 30 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

TN HSC 12th Botany Exam 2026:  Important QnA 7 for Revision

Question: Distinguish between 'Habitat' and 'Niche'.

Answer: A habitat is the specific physical place where an organism lives (its "address"). A niche is the functional role and position of a species within its environment, including its interactions and resource use (its "profession").

12 15 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

Short Notes on Organization of the Mature Embryo Sac

• Cellular Structure: It is a 7-celled, 8-nucleate structure (Polygonum type).
• Egg Apparatus: Located at the micropylar end; consists of one Egg cell and two Synergids with filiform apparatus.
• Antipodals: Three cells located at the chalazal end, usually nutritive in function.
• Central Cell: The largest cell containing two Polar nuclei, which fuse to form the secondary nucleus before fertilization.

12 00 PM IST - 22 Mar'26

TN HSC 12th Botany Exam 2026: Important Topic 5 For Study

Pollen Grain Morphology

Pollen walls consist of a thin inner intine and a thick, sculptured outer exine made of resistant sporopollenin. The presence of germ pores or furrows is essential for the germination of the pollen tube.

11 45 AM IST - 22 Mar'26

Important QnA 6 for Revision

Question: Define 'Totipotency'.

Answer: Totipotency is the genetic ability of a single plant cell (explant) to differentiate and grow into a complete, mature plant when provided with appropriate nutrient media and environmental conditions.

11 30 AM IST - 22 Mar'26

TN HSC 12th Botany Exam 2026: Short Notes on Structure of an Anatropous Ovule

• Components: Consists of the Funiculus (stalk), Hilum (junction), Integuments (protective layers), and Nucellus (central mass).
• Micropyle: The small opening at the tip where the integuments do not cover the nucellus.
• Chalaza: The basal part of the ovule where the funiculus, integuments, and nucellus merge.
• Orientation: In an anatropous ovule, the body is inverted $180^\circ$, bringing the micropyle close to the funiculus.

11 15 AM IST - 22 Mar'26

Important Topic 4 For Study

Structure and Function of Tapetum

The tapetum is the innermost layer of the anther wall that nourishes developing pollen grains. It also contributes to the formation of sporopollenin and exine proteins responsible for incompatibility reactions.

11 00 AM IST - 22 Mar'26

Tamil Nadu HSC 12th Botany Exam 2026:  Important QnA 5 for Revision

Question: How is 'Bt Cotton' resistant to pests?

Answer: Bt Cotton contains a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that produces a pro-toxin protein. When a bollworm ingests it, the alkaline pH of its gut activates the toxin, creating pores in the midgut and killing the insect.

10 45 AM IST - 22 Mar'26

Short Notes on Structure of a Pollen Grain

• Morphology: Haploid, unicellular, and usually spherical.
• Exine: The outer thick layer made of Sporopollenin, which is highly resistant to physical and biological decomposition.
• Intine: The inner thin, uniform layer made of pectin and cellulose.
• Germ Pores: Small apertures in the exine where sporopollenin is absent; the pollen tube emerges through these during germination.

10 30 AM IST - 22 Mar'26

Tamil Nadu HSC 12th Botany Exam 2026: Important Topic 3 For Study

Microsporogenesis and Anther Development

This process involves the formation of haploid microspores from diploid mother cells through meiosis. A mature anther features a complex wall structure including the epidermis, endothecium, middle layers, and the nutritive tapetum.

10 15 AM IST - 22 Mar'26

Important QnA 4 for Revision

Question: What are 'Restriction Endonucleases'? Why are they called 'Molecular Scissors'?

Answer: These are enzymes that recognize specific pallindromic nucleotide sequences in DNA and cleave them at specific points. They are called "molecular scissors" because they are essential for cutting DNA into fragments for gene cloning.

10 00 AM IST - 22 Mar'26

TN HSC Class 12 Botany Exam 2026: Short Notes on Functions of the Tapetum

• Nutrition: It provides nourishment to the developing microspores (pollen).
• Sporopollenin: It contributes to the formation of the outer pollen wall (exine) via Ubisch bodies.
• Pollen-Kitt: It produces the sticky fatty substance (Pollen-kitt) on the surface of insect-pollinated pollen.
• Compatibility: It provides proteins for the "pollen-stigma" recognition process.

09 45 AM IST - 22 Mar'26

Important Topic 2 For Study

Artificial Conventional Methods

Techniques like cutting, grafting (Bud, Tongue, Wedge), and layering are widely used in horticulture to propagate desirable traits. These methods are more economical for plants that produce few or no seeds.

09 30 AM IST - 22 Mar'26

TN HSC Class 12 Botany Exam 2026:  Important QnA 3 for Revision

Question: Define 'Linkage' and 'Crossing Over'.

Answer: Linkage is the tendency of genes located close together on the same chromosome to be inherited together. Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis, leading to genetic recombination.

09 15 AM IST - 22 Mar'26

Short Notes on T.S. of a Mature Anther

• Anther Wall: Consists of the Epidermis (outermost), Endothecium (thickened with cellulose/lignin for dehiscence), Middle Layers (2-3 layers that crush at maturity), and Tapetum.
• Connective: A sterile tissue with vascular bundles located between the two anther lobes.
• Anther Cavity: Contains the pollen grains (microspores) produced by the sporogenous tissue through meiosis.

09 00 AM IST - 22 Mar'26

TN HSC Class 12 Botany Exam 2026: Short Notes on Conventional Artificial Propagation

• Cutting: Using a piece of the parent plant (root, stem, or leaf) to grow a new individual. Stem cutting is most common (e.g., Hibiscus, Rose).
• Grafting: Joining parts of two different plants (Stock and Scion) so they grow as one. Types include Bud grafting, Approach grafting, and Tongue grafting.
• Layering: Inducing roots on a branch while it is still attached to the parent. In Mound layering, the lower branch is buried; in Air layering (Gootee), the bark is girdled and covered with moist soil/moss.

08 45 AM IST - 22 Mar'26

Important QnA 2 for Revision

Question: What is 'Incomplete Dominance'? Give an example.

Answer: It is a condition where the heterozygous offspring shows an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygous parents. In Mirabilis jalapa (Four o'clock plant), crossing a red flower with a white flower produces pink flowers (F_1 generation).

08 30 AM IST - 22 Mar'26

Tamil Nadu HSC Class 12 Botany Exam 2026: Short Notes on Multiplicity of Vegetative Propagules

• Natural Methods: Plants use specific vegetative organs (propagules) for reproduction.
• Root Propagules: Some roots develop adventitious buds (e.g., Murraya, Dalbergia). Tuberous adventitious roots like Ipomoea batatas (Sweet potato) also store food and sprout.
• Stem Propagules: Includes Rhizome (Ginger), Corm (Colocasia), Tuber (Potato), Runner (Centella), and Sucker (Chrysanthemum).
• Leaf Propagules: Adventitious buds develop on leaf margins (e.g., Bryophyllum) or at the leaf tip (Adiantum).

08 15 AM IST - 22 Mar'26

Important Topic 1 For Study

Natural Vegetative Propagation

Plants use organs like roots (Murraya), stems (Rhizome in Ginger, Tuber in Potato), and leaves (Bryophyllum) for asexual reproduction. These methods allow for rapid spread and the production of genetically identical clones.

08 00 AM IST - 22 Mar'26

Tamil Nadu HSC Class 12 Botany Exam 2026: Important QnA 1 for Revision

Question: Define 'Polyembryony' and mention its practical application.