JEE Main Syllabus 2025: Check Subjects Wise, Download PDF

Unit Number 

Chapter

Topics

Unit 1

Physics And Measurement

Units of measurements, System of Units, S I Units, Errors in measurements, Dimensions of Physics quantities, least count, significant figures, fundamental and derived units, dimensional analysis, and its applications

Unit 2

Kinematics

Scalars and Vectors, Resolution of a Vector. Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, The frame of reference, motion in a straight line, Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, Position- time graph, Unit Vector, Uniform Circular Motion, speed and velocity; uniformly accelerated motion, Vector. Addition and subtraction, scalar and vector products, velocity-time, position-time graph, relations for uniformly accelerated motion,

Unit 3

Laws Of Motion

Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction

Newton’s First law of motion; Newton’s Second Law of motion, Newton’s Third Law of motion. Force and inertia, Momentum, Impulses; Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications. Equilibrium of concurrent forces

Dynamics of uniform circular motion: centripetal force and its applications: vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a banked road.

Unit 4

Work, Energy, And Power

Work done by a constant force and a variable force; work-energy theorem, kinetic and potential energies, power

Conservative and nonconservative forces, The potential energy of spring conservation of mechanical energy, motion in a vertical circle: Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions

Unit 5

Rotational Motion

Centre of the mass of a two-particle system, ; Basic concepts of rotational motion; moment of a force; torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications, Centre of the mass of a rigid body

The moment of inertia, values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, the radius of gyration, Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, and their applications.

Unit 6

Gravitation

Escape velocity, Motion of a satellite, Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth. Gravitational potential energy Kepler’s law of planetary motion. orbital velocity, time period, and energy of satellite, gravitational potential, The universal law of gravitation.

Unit 7

Properties Of Solids And Liquids

Effect of gravity on fluid pressure, Elastic behaviour, Pascal's law and its applications, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, and modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law.

Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a curved surface, application of surface tension - drops, bubbles, and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer conduction, convection, and radiation

Viscosity, Bernoulli's principle and its applications, Stokes' law. streamline, and turbulent flow.critical velocity, terminal velocity

Unit 8

Thermodynamics

Heat, work, and internal energy. Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, The first law of thermodynamics, isothermal and adiabatic processes. the concept of temperature

The second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes. 

Unit 9

Kinetic Theory Of Gases 

Equation of state of a perfect gas, Law of equipartition of energy and applications to specific heat capacities of gases, work done on compressing a gas, Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions, the concept of pressure.; Mean free path.

Avogadro's number

Kinetic interpretation of temperature: RMS speed of gas molecules: Degrees of freedom.

Unit 10

Oscillations And Waves

Wave motion. Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode, and harmonics. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of the travelling wave. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves. Beats.

Simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period, Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation, Oscillations and periodic motion – time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. phase: oscillations of a spring -restoring force and force constant: energy in S.H.M. - Kinetic and potential energies;

Unit 11

Electrostatics

Conductors and insulators. Energy stored in a capacitor, Dielectrics and electric polarisation, capacitors and capacitances, the combination of capacitors in series and parallel, and capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates.

Electric charges: Conservation of charge. Coulomb's law forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges: superposition principle and continuous charge distribution

Electric flux. Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges; potential difference, Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field, Gauss's law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin spherical shell.

Electric field: , Electric field lines. Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole. Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field, Electric field due to a point charge

Unit 12

Current Electricity

Electric current. Drift velocity, mobility, and their relation with electric current. Ohm's law. Electrical resistance. Electrical energy and power. Series and parallel combinations of resistors; Temperature dependence of resistance, V-l characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors. Electrical resistivity and conductivity.

Wheatstone bridge. Metre Bridge, Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications., Internal resistance, potential difference, and emf of a cell, a combination of cells in series and parallel.

Unit 13

Magnetic Effects Of Current And Magnetism

Biot - Savart law and its application to the current carrying circular loop. Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.

Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances with examples, the effect of temperature on magnetic properties. Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field, Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines;

Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field: Moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity, and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter, Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The force between two parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere.

Unit 14

Electromagnetic Induction And Alternating Currents

Lenz’s Law, Self and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage: reactance and impedance: LCR series circuit, resonance: power in AC circuits, wattless current. AC generator and transformer, Eddy currents, Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law. Induced emf and current: .

Unit 15

Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet. X-rays. Gamma rays), Displacement current. Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, Applications of e.m. waves, Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics,

Unit 16

Optics

Reflection of light, Refraction of light through a prism. Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their magnifying powers, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, thin lens formula, and lens maker formula. Magnification. Power of a Lens. Combination of thin lenses in contact. Total internal reflection and its applications. 

Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens' principle. Polarisation, plane-polarised light: Brewster's law, uses of plane polarised light and Polaroid, Interference, Young's double-slit experiment, and expression for fringe width, coherent sources, and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum, Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle.

Unit 17

Dual Nature Of Matter And Radiation 

Dual nature of radiation. Einstein's photoelectric equation: particle nature of light. Hertz and Lenard's observations; Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation,  Photoelectric effect.

Unit 18

Atoms And Nuclei

Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission, and fusion, Alpha-particle scattering experiment; energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model

Unit 19

Electronic Devices

Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED. the photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR)

Unit 20

Experimental Skills 

Unit Number

Chapters

Topis Covered

Unit 1

Sets, Relations, And Functions

Sets and their representation: Union, intersection, and complement of sets and their algebraic properties; Power set; Relation, Type of relations, equivalence relations, functions; one-one, into and onto functions, the composition of functions.

Unit 2

Complex Numbers And Quadratic Equation

Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, Representation of complex numbers in the form a + ib and their representation in a plane,algebra of complex number, modulus, and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number, Relations between roots and coefficient, nature of roots, the formation of quadratic equations with given roots, Argand diagram, Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions

Unit 3

Matrices And Determinants

Matrices, algebra of matrices, type of matrices, evaluation of determinants, area of triangles using determinants, Adjoint, and evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and, determinants, and matrices of order two and three, Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using matrices

Unit 4

Permutations And Combinations

The fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an arrangement and combination as section, Meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r), simple applications

Unit 5

Binomial Theorem And Its Simple Applications

Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term, and simple applications

Unit 6

Sequence And Series

Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, geometric means between two given numbers, insertion of arithmetic, Relation between A.M and G.M

Unit 7

Limit, Continuity And Differentiability

Real–valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions, inverse function. Graphs of simple functions. Applications of derivatives: Rate of change of quantities, monotonic-Increasing and decreasing functions, Differentiation of the sum, difference, product, and quotient of two functions. Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite, and implicit functions; Limits, continuity, and differentiability, derivatives of order up to two, Maxima and minima of functions of one variable

Unit 8

Integral Calculus

Integrations by substitution, by parts, and by partial functions. Integral as an antiderivative, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions. Integration using trigonometric identities, Fundamental integral involving algebraic,

Evaluation of definite integrals, The fundamental theorem of calculus, properties of definite integrals. Determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form

Unit 9

Differential Equations

Ordinary differential equations, their order, and degree, the solution of differential equation by the method of separation of variables, solution of a homogeneous and linear differential equation of the type

Unit 10

Coordinate Geometry

Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane, distance formula, sections formula, locus, and its equation, the slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the coordinate axis.

Circle, conic sections

A standard form of equations of a circle, the general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and central, equation of a circle when the endpoints of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and sections of conics, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola) in standard forms

Straight line

Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, the distance of a point form a line, coordinate of the centroid, orthocentre, and circumcentre of a triangle

Unit 11

Three Dimensional Geometry

Coordinates of a point in space, the distance between two points, section formula, directions ratios, and direction cosines, and the angle between two intersecting lines. Skew lines, the shortest distance between them, and its equation. Equations of a line

Unit 12

Vector Algebra 

Vectors and scalars, the addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three-dimensional space, scalar and vector products

Unit 13

Statistics And Probability

Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, probability distribution of a random variate, Bayes theorem

Measures of discretion; variance, and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data, calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data calculation of standard deviation,

Unit 14

Trigonometry

Trigonometric identities and trigonometric functions, inverse trigonometric functions, and their properties

Physical Chemistry

Unit Number

Chapter

Topics

Unit I

Some Basic Concepts In Chemistry

Matter and its nature, Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae, Laws of chemical combination; Chemical equations and stoichiometry, Dalton's atomic theory: Concept of atom, molecule, element, and compound 

Unit 2

Atomic Structure

Concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions: Rules for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle. Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements, and extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals, Variation of  and 2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals; various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p, and d - orbitals, electron spin, and spin quantum number:

Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Heisenberg uncertainty principle, Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom, and its important features. Bohr model of a hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; Dual nature of matter, de Broglie's relationship. Spectrum of the hydrogen atom.

Unit 3

Chemical Bonding And Molecular Structure

Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds

Molecular Orbital Theory: 

Its important features. LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length, and bond energy

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR ) theory and shapes of simple molecules, Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity. dipole moment:  Fajan’s rule,

Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy

Valence bond theory - its important features, the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; Resonance, Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding:

Hydrogen bonding and its applications, Elementary idea of metallic bonding.  

Unit 4

Chemical Thermodynamics

Fundamentals of thermodynamics: state functions, extensive and intensive properties, System and surroundings, Entropy, types of processes. 

The first law of thermodynamics:

Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess’s law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionisation, and solution

The second law of thermodynamics:

Spontaneity of processes; S of the universe and G of the system as criteria for spontaneity. G (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant

Unit 5

Solutions

Colligative properties of dilute solutions - a relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and nonideal solutions; the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure; Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law - Ideal and non-ideal solutions, Abnormal value of molar mass, Van’t Hoff factor and its significance

Unit 6

Equilibrium

Meaning of equilibrium is the concept of dynamic equilibrium.

Ionic equilibrium:

Weak and strong electrolytes, acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionisation) and ionisation constants, ionisation of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius. Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionisation, , ionisation of water. pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, and buffer solutions

Equilibria involving physical processes:

General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes, Solid-liquid, liquid-gas - gas and solid-gas equilibria, ,Henry's law.

Unit 7

Redox Reactions And Electrochemistry

Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, rules for assigning oxidation number, and balancing of redox reactions, oxidation number, redox reactions

EMF of a Galvanic cell and its measurement: Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs' energy change: Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells. Nernst equation and its applications, Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half-cell and cell reactions,

Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law and its applications.

Unit 8

Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure, and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation), differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, rate constant and its units, the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions, Arrhenius theory, their characteristics and half-lives, activation energy and its calculation,

Inorganic Chemistry

Unit Number

Chapter

Topics

Unit 9

Classification Of Elements And Periodicity In Properties 

Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p. d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, and chemical reactivity

Unit 10

P- Block Elements

Group -13 to Group 18 Elements

General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group

Unit 11

d - and f- Block Elements

Transition Elements 

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements - physical properties, atomic radii, alloy formation, ionisation enthalpy, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, oxidation states

Inner Transition Elements 

Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, lanthanide contraction and oxidation states. Actinides - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.

Unit 12

Coordination Compounds

Importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals, and in biological systems). Werner's theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity. chelation; isomerism; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Introduction to coordination compounds.

Organic Chemistry

Unit Number

Chapters

Topics

Unit 13

Purification And Characterisation Of Organic Compounds

Purification - Crystallisation, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography - principles and their applications.

Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens. 

Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, sulphur, halogens, nitrogen, and phosphorus. 

Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae: Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis,

Unit 14

Some Basic Principles Of Organic Chemistry

Homologous series: Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism. Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p): Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur;

Common types of organic reactions - Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement.

Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC) Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations, and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles, and nucleophiles.

Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - electromeric effect, Inductive effect, resonance, and hyperconjugation. 

Unit 15

Hydrocarbons

Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions

Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane): Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.

Alkenes - Ozonolysis and polymerisation, Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect):

Alkynes - Polymerisation, Acidic character: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and hydrogen halides:

Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration, Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity:

Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in monosubstituted benzene.

Unit 16

Organic Compounds Containing Halogens

General methods of preparation, Mechanisms of substitution reactions, properties, and reactions; Nature of C-X bond

Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons, and DDT

Unit 17

Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses. 

Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols: mechanism of dehydration.

Phenols: Acidic nature, nitration and sulphonation. Reimer - Tiemann reaction, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation

Ethers: Structure

Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, Grignard reagent; oxidation: reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen), relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; the acidity of -hydrogen. aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction. Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones. Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN. NH3, and its derivatives),

Carboxylic Acids

Unit 18

Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen 

Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry

General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, and uses

Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character, and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character

Unit 19

Biomolecules

Proteins - Elementary Idea of -amino acids, peptide bonds, polypeptides. Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes

Vitamins – Classification and functions

Nucleic Acids – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA

Biological functions of nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates - Classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose).

Hormones (General introduction) 

Unit 20

Principles Related To Practical Chemistry