JENPAS UG 2025 Environmental Chemistry Solved Questions PDF

Air Pollution

• Sources: Natural & Anthropogenic
• Major pollutants: CO, CO₂, SO₂, NOx, particulate matter, ozone
• Greenhouse gases & global warming
• Acid rain: formation, effects, control
• Smog: London smog vs Photochemical smog
• Air quality index (AQI) & standards

Water Pollution

• Sources: Industrial, domestic, agricultural
• Types of pollutants: organic, inorganic, microbial
• Eutrophication
• Water quality parameters: BOD, COD, DO, pH, TDS
• Drinking water standards (WHO, BIS)

Soil Pollution

• Types: heavy metals, pesticides, fertilizers, plastic residues
• Effects on soil fertility & crop yield
• Bioremediation techniques

Noise Pollution

• Sources & effects on humans
• Standards & control measures

Carbon Cycle

Role of CO₂ in climate change

Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrification, denitrification, nitrogen fixation

Sulfur & Phosphorus Cycles

Environmental impacts of S & P compounds

Heavy Metals

Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic: sources, toxicity, bioaccumulation

Ozone Layer

• Ozone formation & depletion
• Role of CFCs, HCFCs, and ozone-depleting substances
• Consequences of ozone depletion

Green Chemistry & Environmental Protection

• Principles of green chemistry
• Renewable energy sources: solar, wind, bioenergy

Waste management

• Solid, liquid, and hazardous waste
• Recycling, composting, incineration

Environmental laws & regulations

• Environment Protection Act, 1986
• Air & Water Act
• Stockholm & Kyoto protocols
• Paris Agreement

Analytical Techniques in Environmental Chemistry

• Spectroscopic methods: UV-Vis, AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy), ICP-OES
• Chromatographic methods: HPLC, GC
• Detection of pollutants: heavy metals, pesticides, organic pollutants
• Soil and water testing techniques

Climate Change & Global Environmental Issues

• Global warming & greenhouse effect
• Climate change impacts on ecosystems
• Carbon footprint & mitigation strategies
• Acid rain, smog, ozone depletion
• Renewable vs non-renewable energy sources

Industrial & Agricultural Pollution

• Industrial effluents & air emissions
• Pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers
• Bioaccumulation & biomagnification
• Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)