GATE Biotechnology (BT) Syllabus 2024: PDF Download, List of Chapters and Topics

GATE Biotechnology (BT) Syllabus 2024 PDF Download

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Linear Algebra

• Matrix and Determinants 
• Systems of Linear Equations 
• Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors

Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors

Calculus

• Limits
• Continuity and Differentiability
• Partial Derivatives
• Maxima and Minima
• Sequences and Series
• Test for Convergence

• Continuity and Differentiability
• Sequences and Series
• Test for Convergence

Differential Equations

• Linear and Nonlinear First Order ODEs
• Higher Order ODEs with Constant 
• Coefficients
• Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations
• Laplace Transforms

• Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations
• Laplace Transforms

Probability and Statistics

• Mean, Median, Mode and Standard Deviation
• Random Variables
• Poisson, Normal and Binomial Distributions
• Correlation and Regression Analysis

Poisson, Normal and Binomial Distributions

Numerical Methods

• Solution of Linear and Nonlinear Algebraic Equations
• Integration by Trapezoidal and Simpson’s Rule
• Single Step Method for Differential Equations

Integration by Trapezoidal and Simpson’s Rule

Biochemistry

• Biomolecules – Structure and Function 
• Biological Membranes, Molecular Motors, Action Potential and Transport Processes 
• Basic Concepts and Regulation of the Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Lipids, Amino Acids and Nucleic Acids
• Photosynthesis 
• Respiration and Electron Transport Chain
• Enzymes – Classification, Catalytic and Regulatory Strategies
• Enzyme Inhibition – Competitive, Non-Competitive and Uncompetitive Inhibition
• Enzyme Kinetics - Michaelis-Menten Equation

• Enzymes – Classification, Catalytic and Regulatory Strategies
• Basic Concepts and Regulation of the Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Lipids, Amino Acids and Nucleic Acids
• Enzyme Kinetics - Michaelis-Menten Equation

Microbiology

• Bacterial Classification and Diversity Microbial Ecology - Microbes in Marine, Freshwater and Terrestrial Ecosystems Microbial Interactions 
• Viruses - Structure and Classification Methods in Microbiology 
• Microbial Growth and Nutrition Nitrogen Fixation 
• Microbial Diseases and Host-Pathogen Interactions
• Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance

• Viruses - Structure and Classification Methods in Microbiology 
• Microbial Growth and Nutrition Nitrogen Fixation 
• Microbial Diseases and Host-Pathogen Interactions
• Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance

Immunology

• Innate and Adaptive Immunity, Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity 
• Antibody Structure and Function
• Molecular Basis of Antibody Diversity 
• T cell and B cell Development
• Antigen-Antibody Reaction 
• Complement 
• Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs
• Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) 
• Antigen Processing and Presentation
• Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibody 
• Regulation of Immune Response
• Immune Tolerance
• Hypersensitivity 
• Autoimmunity 
• Graft Versus Host Reaction
• Immunisation and Vaccines

• T cell and B cell Development
• Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) 
• Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibody 
• Graft Versus Host Reaction
• Immunisation and Vaccines

Genetics and Evolutionary Biology

• Mendelian Inheritance 
• Gene Interaction 
• Complementation 
• Linkage, Recombination and Chromosome Mapping 
• Extra Chromosomal Inheritance 
• Microbial Genetics – Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation
• Horizontal Gene Transfer and Transposable Elements
• Chromosomal Variation
• Genetic Disorders
• Population Genetics 
• Epigenetics 
• Selection and Inheritance
• Adaptive and Neutral Evolution
• Genetic Drift
• Species and Speciation

• Extra Chromosomal Inheritance 
• Microbial Genetics – Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation
• Genetic Disorders
• Population Genetics 
• Epigenetics 

Cell Biology

• Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Structure 
• Cell Cycle and Cell Growth Control
• Cell-Cell Communication 
• Cell Signalling and Signal Transduction 
• Post-Translational Modifications 
• Protein Trafficking 
• Cell Death and Autophagy
• Extracellular Matrix

• Cell Cycle and Cell Growth Control
• Cell-Cell Communication 
• Cell Signalling and Signal Transduction 
• Protein Trafficking 
• Cell Death and Autophagy

Molecular Biology

• Molecular Structure of Genes and Chromosomes 
• Mutations and Mutagenesis 
• Regulation of Gene Expression 
• Nucleic Acid – Replication, Transcription, Splicing, Translation and their Regulatory Mechanisms
• Non-Coding and MicroRNA 
• RNA Interference 
• DNA Damage and Repair

• Mutations and Mutagenesis 
• Non-Coding and MicroRNA 
• RNA Interference 
• DNA Damage and Repair

Engineering Principles Applied to Biological Systems

• Material and Energy Balances for Reactive and Non-Reactive Systems
• Recycle, Bypass and Purge Processes 
• Stoichiometry of Growth and Product Formation 
• Degree of Reduction, Electron Balance and Theoretical Oxygen Demand

Stoichiometry of Growth and Product Formation

Classical Thermodynamics and Bioenergetics

• Laws of Thermodynamics
• Solution Thermodynamics
• Phase Equilibria and Reaction Equilibria
• Ligand Binding
• Membrane Potential
• Energetics of Metabolic Pathways 
• Oxidation and Reduction Reactions 

• Laws of Thermodynamics
• Ligand Binding
• Oxidation and Reduction Reactions 

Transport Processes

• Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids, Fluid Flow – Laminar and Turbulent 
• Mixing in Bioreactors, Mixing Time
• Molecular Diffusion and Film Theory
• Oxygen Transfer and uptake in a Bioreactor, kLa and its Measurement
• Conductive and Convective Heat Transfer, LMTD, Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
• Heat Exchangers

• Oxygen Transfer and uptake in a Bioreactor, kLa and its Measurement
• Conductive and Convective Heat Transfer, LMTD, Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
• Heat Exchangers

Bioreaction Engineering

• Rate Law, Zero and First-Order Kinetics
• Ideal Reactors – Batch, Mixed Flow and Plug Flow 
• Enzyme Immobilization, Diffusion Effects – Thiele Modulus, Effectiveness Factor, Damkoehler Number
• Kinetics of Cell growth, Substrate Utilisation and Product Formation 
• Structured and Unstructured Models 
• Batch, Fed-Batch andContinuous Processes
• Microbial and Enzyme Reactors
• Optimization and Scale-Up

• Ideal Reactors – Batch, Mixed Flow and Plug Flow 
• Enzyme Immobilization, Diffusion Effects – Thiele Modulus, Effectiveness Factor, Damkoehler Number
• Kinetics of Cell growth, Substrate Utilisation and Product Formation

Upstream and Downstream Processing

• Media Formulation and Optimization 
• Sterilisation of Air and Media
• Filtration – Membrane Filtration, Ultrafiltration
• Centrifugation – High Speed and Ultra
• Cell Disruption
• Principles of Chromatography– Ion Exchange, Gel Filtration, Hydrophobic Interaction, Affinity, GC, HPLC and FPLC
• Extraction, Adsorption, and Drying

• Sterilisation of Air and Media
• Filtration – Membrane Filtration, Ultrafiltration
• Principles of Chromatography– Ion Exchange, Gel Filtration, Hydrophobic Interaction, Affinity, GC, HPLC and FPLC

Instrumentation and Process Control

• Pressure, Temperature, and Flow Measurement Devices
• Valves
• First-Order and Second-Order Systems 
• Feedback and Feedforward Control
• Types of Controllers – Proportional, Derivative, and Integral Control, Tuning of Controllers

• First-Order and Second-Order Systems
• Types of Controllers – Proportional, Derivative, and Integral Control, Tuning of Controllers

Plants

• Totipotency
• Regeneration of Plants 
• Plant Growth Regulators and Elicitors 
• Tissue culture and Cell Suspension Culture System – Methodology, the Kinetics of Growth and Nutrient Optimization 
• Production of Secondary Metabolites
• Hairy Root Culture
• Plant products of Industrial Importance 
• Artificial Seeds
• Somaclonal Variation 
• Protoplast, Protoplast Fusion – Somatic Hybrid and Cybrid
• Transgenic Plants –Direct and Indirect Methods of Gene Transfer Techniques
• Selection Marker and Reporter Gene
• Plastid Transformation

• Totipotency
• Regeneration of Plants 
• Plant Growth Regulators and Elicitors 
• Tissue culture and Cell Suspension Culture System – Methodology, the Kinetics of Growth and Nutrient Optimization 
• Artificial Seeds
• Somaclonal Variation
• Transgenic Plants –Direct and Indirect Methods of Gene Transfer Techniques

Animals

• Culture media composition and growth conditions 
• Animal cell and Tissue Preservation
• Anchorage and Non-Anchorage Dependent Cell Culture 
• Kinetics of Cell Growth
• Micro Macro-Carrier Culture 
• Hybridoma Technology
• Stem Cell Technology
• Animal Cloning
• Transgenic Animals 
• Knock-Out and Knock-In Animals

• Animal cell and Tissue Preservation
• Kinetics of Cell Growth
• Hybridoma Technology
• Stem Cell Technology
• Animal Cloning
• Transgenic Animals

Microbes

• Production of Biomass and Primary / Secondary Metabolites – Biofuels, Bioplastic, Industrial Enzymes, Antibiotics 
• Large Scale Production and Purification of Recombinant Proteins and Metabolites 
• Clinical - Food and Industrial Microbiology 
• Screening Strategies for New Products

• Clinical - Food and Industrial Microbiology 
• Screening Strategies for New Products

Recombinant DNA Technology

• Restriction and Modification Enzymes
• Vectors – Plasmids, Bacteriophage and other Viral Vectors, Cosmids, Ti plasmid, Bacterial and Yeast Artificial Chromosomes
• Expression Vectors, cDNA and Genomic DNA Library
• Gene Isolation and Cloning, Strategies for the Production of Recombinant Proteins
• Transposons and Gene Targeting

• Vectors – Plasmids, Bacteriophage and other Viral Vectors, Cosmids, Ti plasmid, Bacterial and Yeast Artificial Chromosomes
• Gene Isolation and Cloning, Strategies for the Production of Recombinant Proteins

Molecular Tools

• Polymerase Chain Reaction
• DNA / RNA Labelling and Sequencing 
• Southern and Northern Blotting
• In-situ Hybridization
• DNA Fingerprinting, RAPD, RFLP
• Site-Directed Mutagenesis 
• Gene Transfer Technologies CRISPR-Cas
• Biosensing and Biosensors

• Polymerase Chain Reaction
• DNA / RNA Labelling and Sequencing
• In-situ Hybridization
• DNA Fingerprinting, RAPD, RFLP
• Gene Transfer Technologies CRISPR-Cas

Analytical Tools

• Principles of Microscopy – Light, Electron, Fluorescent andConfocal
• Principles of Spectroscopy – UV,Visible, CD, IR, Fluorescence, FT-IR, MS, NMR, Electrophoresis
• Micro-Arrays, Enzymatic Assays
• Immunoassays– ELISA, RIA Immunohistochemistry
• Immunoblotting
• Flow Cytometry 
• Whole-Genome, and ChIP-Sequencing

• Principles of Spectroscopy – UV,Visible, CD, IR, Fluorescence, FT-IR, MS, NMR, Electrophoresis
• Immunoassays– ELISA, RIA Immunohistochemistry
• Flow Cytometry

Computational Tools

• Bioinformatics Resources and Search Tools
• Sequence and Structure Databases 
• Sequence Analysis – Sequence File Formats, Scoring Matrices, Alignment, Phylogeny
• Genomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics
• Gene Prediction 
• Functional Annotation
• Secondary Structure and 3D Structure Prediction
• Knowledge Discovery in Biochemical Databases
• Metagenomics
• Metabolic Engineering, and Systems Biology

• Gene Prediction
• Sequence and Structure Databases 
• Secondary Structure and 3D Structure Prediction
• Metagenomics

Biotechnology

Pranav Kumar

Fundamentals of Biochemistry

Lehninger

Principle of Bioprocess Engineering

P. Doran

GATE Biotechnology

GK Publishers

Life Science part 1 and 2.

Pathfinder publications

Immunology

Kuby

GATE General Aptitude and Mathematics

GK Publishers

Molecular Cell Biology

lodish and Baltimore

Bioprocess Engineering

Schuler & Kargi

Bioprocess Engineering principles

Pauline Doran

Molecular biology of the gene

James Watson

Immunology

Kuby

Advanced Engineering Mathematics

Erwin Kreyszig

Principles of Gene Manipulation

Primrose & Twyman

Gene cloning and DNA analysis

T.A Brown

Plant Biotech

Slater

2023

31.6

28.4

21.0

2022

35.5

31.9

23.6

2021

30

27

20

2020

30.7

27.6

20.4

2019

35.9

32.3

23.9

2018

27.9

25.1

18.5

2017

38.9

35

25.9