Subjects | Topics |
Management of Radiology and Imaging Department | - Role of Radiographer in Planning & Radiation Protection; Role of technologist in the radiology department - Personnel and area monitoring., Setting up of a new X-Ray unit, staff requirement, AERB specifications for site planning and mandatory guidelines – Planning of X-ray/CT rooms, Inspection of X-Ray installations - Registration of X-Ray equipment installation- Certification -Evaluation of workload versus radiation factors – Occupational exposure and protection Tools/devices
- Planning consideration for radiology, including Use factor, occupancy factors, and different shielding materials Protection for primary radiation, workload, protection from scatter radiation and leakage radiation, XRay/Fluoroscopy/Mammography/Intervention/DSA/CT room design, structural shielding, protective devices
- Regulatory Bodies & regulatory Requirements; International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) / National Regularity body (AERB - Atomic Energy Regulatory Board) - Responsibilities, organization, Safety Standard, Codes and Guides, Responsibilities of licenses, registrants & employers and Enforcement of Regulatory requirements
- Surveys and regulations. Radiation protection survey; Need for a survey. - Performance standards for beam directing, beam defining and limiting devices in radiation protection equipment survey of the following, Radiographic equipment, Fluoroscopic equipment, CT and special equipment. Controlled and non-controlled areas and acceptable exposure levels. State and local regulations governing radiation protection practice
- Personal monitoring and occupational exposures; Personal monitoring for Radiation workers. Monitoring devices. Body badges and ring badges. Thermo-luminescent dosimeters, Pocket ionization chambers. Applications, advantages and limitations of each device, Values for dose equivalent limits for occupational radiation exposures
- Achievable safety through compliance on the regulations in India and recommendations of ICRT, IAEA
- Introduction to Management of a Radiology Department
- NABH guidelines, AERB guidelines and code, Basic safety standard, PNDT /PCPNDT Act and guidelines
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Modern Radiological and Imaging Equipment and Techniques | - High-Frequency X-Ray Generators and their types and applications
- Modern x-ray tubes-their types and advancements
- Special radiological equipment; Computed radiography, its principle, physics & equipment. Digital Radiography, Direct and indirect digital radiography Digital Fluoroscopy, Digital Mammography; including cones compression devices Stereotactic Biopsy system including Prone Table Biopsy system
- Image Receptors; Flat Panel Detectors, Image Processing Workstation and Imaging Cameras
- Tomography; Body section radiography, basic principle and equipment, multi section tomography, various types of topographic movements
- Tomosynthesis, Stitch radiography
- Dual energy x-ray absorptionometry (DEXA) scan
- Vascular Imaging Equipment; Introduction, historical developments DSA Equipment- Principle, applications and definition of terms, Single Plane, Biplane, Hybrid DSA Lab- digital subtraction techniques
- Scatter radiation its formation and control; beam centering devices, collimators, cone diaphragms and grids
- Fluoroscopy and IITV systems including cine radiography with various recording devices
- Computed Tomography
- Ultrasonography; Basic principle of U.S., various types of transducers, mechanism of image formation, various advancements including Doppler, Elastography, HIFU,ABVS and image artifacts
- MRI; Basic principle of MRI, complete imaging equipment and various requirements, T1 and T2 Relaxation behaviors of tissues, T1, T2 and proton density images, spatial localization of images. Types of imaging sequences, MR spectroscopy, principle and techniques, Contrast Agents in MRI, Image quality, Image artefacts and its compensators, NMR hazard and safety. Advances in MRI
- Radionuclide scanning including rectilinear scanner, gamma camera, PET, SPECT, their principles, working, applications and advancements
- Care and maintenance of radiological equipments
- Modern radiological and Imaging equipment
- Interventional Radiography
- Central Nervous System; Myelography, Cerebral studies, and Ventriculography
- Arthrography; Shoulder, Hip, Knee, Elbow
- Angiography; Carotid Angiography, Thoracic and Arch Aortography, Selective studies: Renal, SMA, Coeliac axis, Vertebral angiography, Femoral arteriography, and Angiocardiography
- Venography; Peripheral venography, Cerebral venography, Inferior and superior venocavography, Relevant visceral phlebography
- Cardiac catheterization procedures; PTCA, BMV, CAG, Pacemaker, Electrophyiology
- Ultrasonography/ Doppler studies
- CT scan studies acquisition/ protocols /techniques
- MRI Imaging
- Techniques of Fusion and hybrid Imaging Technology including PET CT,PET MRI, PET Ultrasound, MRI, CT, Fluoroscopy, Hybrid Imaging as well as Advanced Interventional suite
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Advance Physic of Radiology and Imaging | - Physics of Imaging including conventional radiography, fluoroscopy, computed radiography and flat panel DR imaging
- Computed Tomography; Basic principles of CT, generations of CT, CT instrumentation, image formation in CT, CT image reconstruction, Hounsfield unit, CT image quality, CT- image display
- Advanced Computed Tomography; Helical CT scan: Slip ring technology, advantages, multi detector array helical CT, cone – beam geometry, reconstruction of helical CT images, CT artifact, CT angiography, CT fluoroscopy, HRCT, post processing techniques: MPR, MIP, Min IP, 3D rendering: SSD and VR, CT Dose Index
- Mammography; Digital mammography including cones compression device, biopsy system with all routine and digital mammography procedures
- MRI- Basic Principles; Pulse sequence, MR Instrumentation, Image formation, MR Spectroscopy
- Ultrasonography; Production of ultrasound, Basic Acoustics, Ultrasound terminologies, Interaction of US with matter, Ultrasound display modes, Real-time ultrasound
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Quality Assurance and Quality Control in Radiology and Imaging Department | - Objectives of Quality Control
- Quality Assurance activities
- Quality assurance programme in the radiological faculty level
- Quality assurance programme tests
- Quality assurance of film and image recording devices
- Maintenance and care of equipment
- Care and maintenance of diagnostic equipment
- Quality Assurance and quality control of Modern Radiological and Imaging Equipment which includes Digital Radiography, Computed Radiography, CT scan, MRI Scan, Ultrasonography and PACS related. Image artefacts their different types, causes and remedies
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Newer Imaging Modalities and Intervention Radiological Techniques | - Basic Computed Tomography
- Advanced Computed Tomography
- Advanced technique & instrumentation of MRI
- Basic Principle
- Pulse sequence
- MR Instrumentation
- Image formation
- MR contrast media
- Production of ultrasound
- Ultrasound display modes: A, B, M
- Real-time ultrasound
- Techniques for imaging different anatomic areas, ultrasound artifacts, biological effects and safety
- Doppler Ultrasound
- Elastography, HIFU, ABVS etc
- Fusion Imaging
- Intervention Radiological Techniques; Basic Angiography and DSA, Central Nervous System, Arthrography, Angiography, Venography, Cardiac catheterization procedures
- Care of Patient in Interventional Radiology; Introduction to patient care, General patient care, Surgical Asepsis, Nursing procedure in radiology, Patient care during investigation, Infection control, Patient education, Medical Emergencies, and Drug Administration
- Newer Developments in Advanced Imaging Technology; In addition to existing Radiological and Imaging Modalities, Newer Radiological and Imaging Equipment, Computed Tomography, MRI Introduction to Newer Developments, Advanced Ultrasonography Newer Developments, Maxillo-facial imaging, dental radiology including RGV, OPG, CBCT and other advanced modalities, Tele-radiology, HIS, RIS, PACS, Imaging processing and archiving
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Radiation Safety and Protection with Radiological Procedures | - Radiation Safety and Protection with radiological procedures
- Introduction to Radiation protection
- Limits for radiation exposure
- Radiation Protection in Radiography, Fluoroscopy, Mammography, Mobile Radiography, CT scan, DSA and Interventional Radiology
- Radiation measuring instruments
- Radiation Quantities and Units
- Biological Effects of radiation
- Radiation detection and Measurements
- Dose and Dosimetry, CT Dose Index (CTDI, etc.), Multiple Scan Average Dose (MSAD), Dose Length Product (DLP), Dose Profile, Effective Dose, Phantom Measurement Methods, Dose for Different Application Protocols, Technique Optimization. Dose area product in fluoroscopy and angiography systems, AGD in mammography
- Radiation protection, Hazard evaluation and control
- Planning consideration for radiology, including Use factor, occupancy factors, and different shielding materials
- Regulatory Bodies & regulatory Requirements
- NABH guidelines, AERB guidelines, PNDT Act and guidelines
- Procedural safety
- Achievable safety through compliance on the regulations in India and recommendations of ICRT, IAEA
- Radiological and Imaging Procedures
- Selection of Fluoroscopy Equipment, general considerations, the responsibility of radiographers
- Gastrointestinal Tract; Barium swallow, pharynx and oesophagus. Barium meal and follow through. Hypotonic duodenography. Small bowel enema. Barium Enema routine projections for colon and rectum, colonic activators; double-contrast studies; colostomy
- Salivary glands; Routine technique, procedure - sialography
- Biliary system; Plain film radiography. Intravenous cholangiography. Percutaneous cholangiography, Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Operative cholangiography, Post-Operative cholangiography (T-tube Cholangiography). Including CT, US and MRI Special Imaging Techniques
- Urinary system; Intravenous urography, retrograde pyelography. Antegrade pyelography. Cystography and micturating cystourethrography. Urethrography (ascending) renal puncture. Including CT, US and MRI Special Imaging Techniques
- Reproductive system; All the Techniques relating to the Male and Female reproductive system including Hysterosalpingography
- Mammography; Basic views, special views, and wire localization. Ductography, Tomosynthesis, ABVS, Various Biopsy Techniques including Prone Table Biopsy, CT, US and MRI Special Imaging Techniques
- Respiratory system; Bronchography: Including CT, US and MRI Special Imaging Techniques
- Sinography; Routine technique and procedure
- Central Nervous System; Myelography. Cerebral studies. Ventriculography etc. including CT, US and MRI Special Imaging Techniques
- Arthrography; Shoulder, Hip, Knee, Elbow joints etc. including CT, US and MRI Special Imaging Techniques
- Angiographic Studies; Carotid Angiography, Thoracic and Arch Aortography. Selective studies: Renal, SMA, Coeliac axis. Vertebral angiography. Femoral arteriography. Angiocardiography, Peripheral angiography
- Venography; Peripheral venography. Cerebral venography. Inferior and superior venocavography. Relevant visceral phlebography
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