1 | Purification and Characterisation of Organic Compounds | Purification - Crystallization. Sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography - principles and their applications. Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogen, sulphur, phosphorus, calculations of empirical formula and molecular formulae: Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis |
2 | Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry | Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p): classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygens, nitrogen and sulphur; Homologous series: Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism. Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC) Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations. and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals. Electrophiles and Nucleophiles Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - Inductive effect, electromeric efl.ect. resonance. and hyperconjugation. Common types of organic reactions: Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement. |
3 | Hydrocarbons | Classification, isomerism. IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions. Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman halogenation of alkanes. projections (of ethane): Mechanism of Halogenation of Alkanes Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect): Ozonolysis and Polymerization Alkynes - Acidic character: Addition of hydrogen. halogens. water. and hydrogen halides: Polymerization. Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: Halogenation, Nitration Friedelcraft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono-substituted benzene. |
4 | Organic Compounds Containing Halogens | General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; Nature of C-X bond: Mechanisms of substitution reactions. Uses, Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons, and DDT |
5 | Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen | General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols: mechanism of dehydration. Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration and sulphonation. Reimer - Tiemann reaction Ethers: Structure Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN. NH3 and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation: reduction (wolf Kishner and Clemmensen); the acidity of a-hydrogen. aldol condensation cannizzaro reaction. Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones. Carboxylic Acids Acidic strength and factors affecting it. |
6 | Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen | General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, and uses. Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character, and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character. Diazonium Salts: Importance in Synthetic Organic Chemistry |
7 | Biomolecules | General introduction and importance of biomolecules Carbohydrates - Classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose). Proteins - Elementary Idea of a-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes. Vitamins - Classification and functions. Nucleic Acids - Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids. Hormones (General introduction) |
8 | Principles Related to Practical Chemistry | Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of following functional groups; hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and Ketones) carboxyl, and amino groups in organic compounds. The Chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds: Mohr's salt, potash alum. Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform. The Chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises - Acids, bases and the use of indicators, oxalic acid vs KMnO4. Mohr's salt vs KMnO4 Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: cations - Pb2+. Cu2+. Al3*, Fe3+. zn2r, Ni2+, CA2+, Ba2, Mg2+. NH4+ Anions- CO32−, S2-, SO42-, NO3-, NO2-, Cl-, Br-, I- (Insoluble salts excluded) Chemical principles involved in the following experiments: - Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4
- Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
- Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
- Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.
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