Science mathematics ka quashion

These are some important questions and subjects that are frequently covered in science and maths papers for class 12:

Physics

1. Electrostatics:
   • Derive the formula for the electric field due to a point charge.
   • Explain Gauss’s Law and its applications (sphere, infinite line of charge).
   • Work and energy in electric fields.
2. Current Electricity:
   • Derivation of the formula for the resistance of a wire.
   • Ohm’s Law and its applications.
   • Kirchhoff’s Laws and their applications in circuits.
   • Wheatstone bridge and its applications.
3. Magnetic Effects of Current:
   • Biot-Savart law and its applications.
   • Ampere’s Circuital law and its applications.
   • Force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
   • Motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field.
4. Electromagnetic Induction:
   • Faraday’s Law of Induction and Lenz's Law.
   • Self-induction and mutual induction.
   • Eddy currents and their applications.
5. Optics:
   • Refraction and total internal reflection.
   • Derivation of lens formula and its applications.
   • Diffraction and interference, Young’s double-slit experiment.
   • Applications of optical instruments (microscope, telescope).
6. Modern Physics:
   • Photoelectric effect and Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
   • Atomic structure (Bohr’s model, Rutherford’s model).
   • Nuclear reactions, fission and fusion, binding energy.
7. Dual Nature of Matter:
   • De Broglie’s hypothesis and the concept of matter waves.
   • Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.

Chemistry

1. Physical Chemistry:
   • Derivation of the ideal gas equation and its applications.
   • Concept of molarity, molality, and normality.
   • Types of solutions and colligative properties (Raoult's Law, relative lowering of vapour pressure).
   • Thermodynamics (First Law, Second Law, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy).
   • Rate laws, order, and molecularity of reactions.
   • Arrhenius equation and its applications.
2. Inorganic Chemistry:
   • Chemical bonding (Covalent, ionic bonds, hybridization).
   • Periodic table trends (atomic size, ionization energy, electron affinity).
   • d-block elements (transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides).
   • Coordination compounds, ligand field theory.
3. Organic Chemistry:
   • Types of isomerism in organic compounds.
   • Mechanism of reactions (electrophilic substitution, nucleophilic substitution, elimination reactions).
   • IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds.
   • Alcohols, phenols, and ethers (preparation, properties, and uses).
   • Aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids (functional group interconversion).
   • Organic synthesis (preparation of compounds from available reagents).
   • Polymers (types, uses, and preparation).

Biology

1. Reproduction:
   • Human Reproduction (male and female reproductive system, menstrual cycle).
   • Reproductive health and contraception methods.
   • Asexual and sexual reproduction in plants and animals.
2. Genetics and Evolution:
   • Laws of inheritance (Mendel's laws of inheritance, dihybrid cross).
   • Genetic disorders (down syndrome, sickle cell anemia).
   • Evolutionary theories (Darwinism, Lamarckism, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium).
   • Molecular basis of inheritance (DNA, RNA structure, replication, transcription, translation).
3. Human Physiology:
   • Circulatory system (blood, heart structure, blood pressure).
   • Excretory system (kidney function, urine formation).
   • Digestive system (enzymes, absorption of nutrients).
   • Nervous system (structure and function of neurons, reflex action, brain structure).
4. Plant Physiology:
   • Photosynthesis (light reaction, Calvin cycle).
   • Respiration in plants (aerobic and anaerobic respiration).
   • Transport of water, minerals, and food in plants.
   • Plant growth and development (growth regulators).
5. Ecology:
   • Ecosystem structure and function (food chains, energy flow).
   • Biodiversity and conservation.
   • Environmental issues (pollution, deforestation, climate change).
   • Ecological pyramids and nutrient cycles (carbon, nitrogen).

Mathematics

1. Relations and Functions:
   • Types of relations (one-to-one, many-to-one, onto functions).
   • Domain, range, and inverse functions.
   • Binary operations and their properties.
2. Algebra:
   • Arithmetic progression and geometric progression (sum of terms).
   • Matrices and determinants (determinant properties, inverse of matrices).
   • Quadratic equations and their roots.
   • Binomial theorem.
3. Calculus:
   • Limits and derivatives (basic derivatives, chain rule, product rule).
   • Applications of derivatives (tangent, velocity, rate of change).
   • Integration (methods of integration, definite and indefinite integrals).
   • Area under the curve and its application.
4. Vector Algebra:
   • Properties of vectors (addition, subtraction, scalar and vector products).
   • Angle between two vectors, cross product.
5. Three-Dimensional Geometry:
   • Equation of a line and plane in 3D.
   • Distance between a point and a plane.
   • Angle between two lines/planes.
6. Probability:
   • Conditional probability.
   • Bayes’ Theorem.
   • Probability distributions (binomial distribution).

Please let me know if you need anything else.