TS Intermediate Botany and Zoology Syllabus 2025-26: Check Telangana Class 12 Biology Syllabus, Download PDF

UNIT I – Plant Physiology

Chapter 1: Transport in Plants – Means of transport; plant water relations; long-distance water transport; transpiration; uptake & transport of minerals; phloem transport (source to sink). Chapter 2: Mineral Nutrition – Methods to study mineral requirements; essential elements; mechanism of absorption; translocation of solutes; soil as reservoir; nitrogen metabolism. Chapter 3: Enzymes – Chemical reactions; enzyme action; factors affecting enzyme activity; classification; cofactors. Chapter 4: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants – Early experiments; site & pigments; light reaction; electron transport; ATP & NADPH usage; C4 pathway; photorespiration; factors affecting photosynthesis. Chapter 5: Respiration in Plants – Do plants breathe; glycolysis; fermentation; aerobic respiration; respiratory balance sheet; amphibolic pathway; respiratory quotient. Chapter 6: Plant Growth & Development – Growth; differentiation, dedifferentiation, redifferentiation; development; plant growth regulators; seed dormancy; photoperiodism; vernalisation.

UNIT II – Microbiology

Chapter 7: Bacteria – Morphology; structure; nutrition; reproduction; importance to humans. Chapter 8: Viruses – Discovery; classification; structure; bacteriophage multiplication; viral diseases in plants & animals.

UNIT III – Genetics

Chapter 9: Principles of Inheritance & Variation – Mendel’s experiments; monohybrid & dihybrid crosses; deviations from dominance; chromosomal theory; linkage & recombination; mutations.

UNIT IV – Molecular Biology

Chapter 10: Molecular Basis of Inheritance – DNA; search for genetic material; RNA world; replication; transcription; genetic code; translation; gene expression regulation.

UNIT V – Biotechnology

Chapter 11: Biotechnology – Principles & Processes – Principles; tools of recombinant DNA technology; processes of rDNA. Chapter 12: Biotechnology & Applications – Applications in agriculture; other applications; transgenic plants; biosafety & ethical issues.

UNIT VI – Plants, Microbes & Human Welfare

Chapter 13: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production – Plant breeding; single-cell protein; tissue culture. Chapter 14: Microbes in Human Welfare – Microbes in household & industrial products; sewage treatment; biogas; biocontrol agents; biofertilisers; challenges posed by microbes.

UNIT–I: Human Anatomy & Physiology – I

Digestion and Absorption: Digestive system, alimentary canal, digestive glands, physiology of digestion, peristalsis, absorption of digested food, gastrointestinal hormones, disorders of digestive system. Breathing and Exchange of Gases: Respiratory organs, human respiratory system, mechanism of breathing, respiratory volumes and capacities, exchange of gases, transport of gases, regulation of breathing, disorders of the respiratory system.

UNIT–II: Body Fluids, Circulation & Excretion

Body Fluids and Circulation: Lymphatic system, clotting of blood, circulating pathways, human cardiovascular system, cardiac cycle, double circulation, regulation of cardiac activity, blood vessels, disorders—hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina, heart failure. Excretion: Modes of excretion (ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism), excretory organs, human excretory system (kidney, nephron), urine formation, osmoregulation, regulation of kidney function (RAAS, ANF, ADH, diabetes insipidus), role of other organs in excretion, disorders—uraemia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis, dialysis.

UNIT–III: Musculoskeletal System & Neural Control

Musculoskeletal System: Types of movement, skeletal muscle structure, ultra-structure of muscle fibre, contractile proteins, mechanism of muscle contraction, muscle fatigue, Cori cycle, types of muscle fibres, axial and appendicular skeleton, synovial joints, disorders—myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout. Neural Control & Coordination: Human neural system (CNS, PNS, somatic & autonomic), nerve impulse and synaptic transmission, reflex action & reflex arc, sensory reception & processing, eye and vision, ear and hearing, neurological disorders—Alzheimer’s disease, meningitis, Parkinson’s disease, stroke.

UNIT–IV: Endocrine & Immune Systems

Endocrine System: Endocrine glands and hormones—hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, gonads, hormones of kidney, heart, GIT, liver. Mechanism of hormone action, hormonal regulation, disorders due to hypo- & hypersecretion—dwarfism, gigantism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, myxedema, tetany, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, insulin shock, Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome. Immune System: Cells and organs of immunity, innate & acquired immunity, active & passive immunity, humoral & cell-mediated immunity, vaccination, immunological disorders—HIV/AIDS, hypersensitivity, autoimmune disorders, graft rejection.

UNIT–V: Human Reproduction & Reproductive Health

Human Reproductive System: Male & female reproductive systems, gametogenesis (spermatogenesis & oogenesis), menstrual cycle, fertilization, implantation, development, gastrulation, extra-embryonic membranes, placenta formation, parturition, lactation. Reproductive Health: Need, prevention of STDs, contraception—barrier methods, IUDs, oral pills, surgical methods, MTP; amniocentesis; infertility; ART—IVF-ET, ZIFT, GIFT, ICSI, AI, surrogacy.

UNIT–VI: Genetics

Heredity & variation, Morgan’s experiments on Drosophila, pleiotropy, co-dominance, multiple alleles (ABO blood groups), Rh factor, erythroblastosis foetalis, polygenic inheritance, sex determination—male & female heterogamety, human sex determination, genic balance theory, Barr bodies, haplodiploidy, sex-linked inheritance in Drosophila and humans (haemophilia, colour blindness), genetic disorders—thalassemia, sickle cell anaemia, cystic fibrosis, PKU, alkaptonuria, Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Y-linked & XY-linked inheritance, Human Genome Project, DNA fingerprinting.

UNIT–VII: Organic Evolution

Origin of life, biological evolution, evidences of evolution—palaeontological, comparative anatomy, embryology, molecular; Lamarckism, Darwinism, natural selection (industrial melanism), mutation theory; modern synthetic theory (Neo-Darwinism); Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, evolutionary forces (gene flow, genetic drift, genetic load), types of natural selection, speciation—anagenesis, cladogenesis, allopatric & sympatric speciation; evolution in brief; human evolution.

UNIT–VIII: Applied Biology

Animal husbandry, dairy farm management, poultry management, apiculture (bee-keeping), fishery management, biotechnology in medicine, vaccines, molecular diagnosis, gene therapy, transgenic animals, and stem cells.