TN 10th Syllabus 2025-26 - Check Tamil Nadu 10th Syllabus for all Subjects, Download PDF

Relations and functions

Ordered Pair, Cartesian product, Relations

Numbers and Sequences

Euclid’s Division Lemma and Algorithm, Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, Sequences, Arithmetic Progression

Algebra

Simultaneous Linear Equations in three variables, GCD and LCM of Polynomials, Rational expressions, Square Root of Polynomials, Quadratic Equations and Graph, etc.

Geometry

Similarity, Thales Theorem and Angle Bisector Theorem, Pythagoras Theorem, Circles and Tangents, Concurrency Theorems

Coordinate Geometry

Area of a Triangle, Area of a Quadrilateral, Inclination of a Line, Straight Line, General Form of a Straight Line

Trigonometry

Trigonometric Identities, Heights and Distances

Mensuration

Surface Area, Volume, Volume and Surface Area of Combined Solids

with no change in Volume

Statistics and Probability

Algebra of Events, Probability

Laws of Motion

Introduction

1.1 Force and Motion

1.2 Inertia

1.2.1 Types of Inertia

1.2.2 Examples of Inertia

1.3 Linear Momentum

1.4 Newton’s Laws of Motion

1.4.1 Newton’s First Law

1.4.2 Force

1.4.3 Types of forces

1.4.4 Resultant Force

1.5 Newton’s Second Law of Motion

1.7 Newton’s Third Law of Motion

1.9 Rocket propulsion

1.10 Gravitation

1.10.1 Newton’s Universal law of gravitation

1.11 Mass and Weight

Optics

Introduction

2.1 Properties of light

2.2 Refraction of Light

2.2.1 First Law of Refraction

2.2.2 Second Law of Refraction

2.3 Refraction of composite Light - Dispersion of

Light

2.5 Lenses

2.5.1 Other Types of Lenses

2.6 Images formed due to refraction through

a convex and concave lens

2.7. Refraction through a convex lens

2.8 Applications of a Convex lens

2.9 Refraction through a concave lens

2.10 Applications of concave lenses

2.11 Lens Formula

2.12 Sign Convention

2.16 Human eye

2.17 Defects in eye

Thermal Physics

Introduction

3.1 Temperature

3.1.1 Absolute scale (Kelvin scale)

of temperature

3.1.2 Thermal equilibrium

3.2 Thermal Energy

3.2.1 Characteristic features of heat

energy transfer

3.2.2 Other units of Heat energy

3.4 Fundamental laws of gases

3.4.1 Boyle’s law

3.4.2 Charles’ law

3.4.3 Avogadro’s law

3.5 Gases

3.5.1 Real gases

3.5.2 Ideal gases

Electricity

Introduction

4.1 Electric Current

4.1.1 Definition of Electric Current

4.1.2 SI unit of Electric current

4.2 Electric circuit

4.2.1 Electrical components

4.3 Electric potential and

Potential difference

4.3.1 Electric Potential

4.3.2 Electric Potential Difference

4.3.3 Volt

4.4 Ohm’s law

4.5 Resistance of a material

4.5.1 Unit of Resistance

4.6 Electrical resistivity and electrical

conductivity

4.6.1 Electrical resistivity

4.6.2 Conductance and Conductivity

4.8 Heating effect of current

4.8.1 Joule’s Law of Heating

4.9 Electric power

4.9.1 Unit of electric power

4.9.2 Consumption of electrical energy

Acoustics

Introduction

5.1 Sound waves

5.1.1 Longitudinal Waves

5.1.2 Categories of Sound waves based on their

frequencies

5.1.3 Difference between the sound

and light waves

5.2 Reflection of sound

5.2.1 Laws of reflection

5.2.2 Reflection at the boundary of

a denser medium

5.2.3 Reflection at the boundary of

a rarer medium

5.2.4 Reflection of sound in plane

and curved surfaces

5.3 Echoes

5.3.1 Conditions necessary for hearing echo

5.3.2 Applications of echo

Nuclear Physics

Introduction

6.1. Radioactivity

6.1.1 Discovery of radioactivity

6.1.2 Definition of radioactivity

6.1.3 Natural Radioactivity

6.1.4 Artificial Radioactivity (or)

Induced Radioactivity

6.1.5 Units of Radioactivity

6.2. Alpha, beta and gamma rays

6.2.1 Properties of Alpha, Beta and

Gamma rays

6.2.2 Radioactive displacement law

6.2.3 Alpha decay

6.2.4 Beta decay

6.2.5 Gamma decay

6.5. Uses of Radioactivity

6.5.1 Agriculture

6.5.2 Medicine

6.5.3 Industries

6.5.4 Archaeological Research

6.6. Safety measures

6.6.1 Permitted range

6.6.2 Preventive Measures

Atoms and molecules

Introduction

7.1 Atom and Atomic mass

7.1.1 Relative Atomic mass (REM)

7.2 Molecule and molecular mass

7.2.1 Classification of molecules

7.3 Difference between atoms and

molecules

7.6 Avogadro hypothesis

7.7. Applications of Avogadro’s Law

7.9 Solved problems (Problems related to the

above-mentioned topics only)

Periodic classification of elements

Introduction

8.1 Modern periodic law

8.2 Modern periodic table

8.2.1 Features of periods

8.2.2 Features of groups

8.6. Properties of metals

8.6.1 Physical properties

8.6.2 Chemical properties

8.10 Alloys

8.10.1 Amalgam

8.10.2 Method of making alloys

8.10.3 Types of alloys

8.11 Corrosion

8.11.2 Methods of preventing corrosion

Solutions

Introduction

9.2 Components of solutions

9.3 Types of solutions

9.3.1 Based on the physical state of the solute and the solvent

9.3.2 Based on the type of solvent

9.3.3 Based on the amount of solute

9.3.4 Concentrated and dilute Solutions

9.6 Hydrated salts and water of crystallization

9.6.1 Copper sulphate pentahydrate

9.6.2 Magnesium sulphate heptahydrate

9.7 Hygroscopy

9.8 Deliquescence

Types of chemical reactions

Introduction

10.1 Types of Chemical reactions

10.1.1 Classification based on the

nature of rearrangements of atoms

10.1.2 Classification based on the

direction of reaction

10.4 Ionic product of water

10.5 pH scale

10.7 pH calculations

10.8 Problems

Carbon and its compounds

Introduction

11.1 General characteristics of

organic compounds

11.2 Classification of organic compounds

based on the pattern of carbon chain

11.3 Classes of organic compounds (Based on the

kind of atoms

11.3.1 Hydrocarbons

11.3.2 Characteristics of hydrocarbons

11.3.3 Classification of organic compounds based on

functional groups

11.4 Homologous series

11.4.1 Characteristics of homologous series

11.5 Nomenclature of organic compounds

11.5.1 Why do we need nomenclature?

11.5.2 Components of an IUPAC name

11.5.3 IUPAC rules for naming

organic compounds

11.5.4 IUPAC nomenclature of

hydrocarbons – Solved Examples

11.5.5 IUPAC nomenclature of other classes – Solved

Examples

11.6 Ethanol

11.6.1 Manufacture of ethanol

11.6.2 Physical properties

11.6.3 Chemical properties

11.6.4 Uses of ethanol

11.8 Organic compounds in daily life

Plant Anatomy and Plant Physiology

Introduction

12.1 Tissues

12.2 Tissue system

12.2.1 Dermal or Epidermal tissue system

12.2.2 Ground tissue system

12.2.3 Vascular tissue system

12.3 Internal structure of dicot root (Bean)

12.5 Internal structure of dicot Stem (Sunflower)

12.7 Internal structure of dicot or

dorsi-ventral leaf (Mango)

12.9 Plant Physiology

12.9.1 Plastids

12.9.2 Structure of chloroplast

12.9.3 Functions of chloroplast

12.9.4 Photosynthesis

12.9.5 Where does photosynthesis occur?

12.9.6 Photosynthetic pigments

12.9.7 Role of sunlight in photosynthesis

12.9.8 Factors affecting photosynthesis

12.11 Types of respiration

12.11.1 Aerobic respiration (Except Stages)

12.11.2 Anaerobic respiration

12.11.3 Respiratory quotient

Transportation in Plants and Circulation in Animals

Introduction

14.1 Means of Transport in Plants

14.1.1 Diffusion

14.1.2 Active Transport

14.1.3 Osmosis

14.2 Root hair – water absorbing unit

14.3 Pathway of water absorbed by roots

14.4 Types of movement of water

into the root cells

14.4.1 Apoplast Pathway

14.4.2 Symplast Pathway

14.5 Transpiration

14.5.1 Factors affecting transpiration,

14.6 Root pressure

14.7 Uptake of minerals

14.8 Translocation of Mineral Ions

14.9 Phloem Transport

14.10 Translocation of sugars

14.12 Blood

14.15 Structure of the Human Heart

14.15.2 Heartbeat

14.17 Blood Groups

Plant and animal hormones

Introduction

16.1 Plant Hormones

16.1.1 Auxins (Except Went’s Experiment)

16.1.2 Cytokinins

16.1.3 Gibberellins

16.2 Human Endocrine glands

16.2.1 Pituitary Gland

16.2.2 Thyroid Gland

16.2.4 Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)

16.2.5 Adrenal Gland

16.2.6 Reproductive Glands

16.2.7 Thymus Gland

Reproduction in plants and animals

Introduction

17.3 Sexual Reproduction in Plants

17.3.1 Parts of a Typical Flower

17.3.2 Structure of the Ovule

17.4 Pollination

17.4.1 Types of Pollination

17.6 Fertilization in Plants

17.7 Sexual reproduction in humans

17.7.1 Male reproductive organ - Structure of Testes

17.7.2. Female reproductive organ - Structure of Ovary

17.8 Gametogenesis

17.8.1 Structure of human Sperm

17.8.2 Structure of human Ovum

17.9 Menstrual cycle - Process of Ovulation

17.14 Personal Hygiene

17.14.1 Body Hygiene

17.14.2 Toilet Hygiene

17.14.3 Menstrual and napkin Hygiene

Genetics

Introduction

18.1 Gregor Johann Mendel –

Father of Genetics

18.2 Monohybrid cross-Inheritance

of one gene

18.3 Dihybrid Cross- Inheritance of two genes

and Law of Independent Assortment

18.4 Mendel’s laws

18.5 Chromosomes, DNA and genes

18.5.1 Structure of a Chromosome

18.5.4. Karyotype

18.6 Structure of DNA

18.6.1 Watson and Crick model of DNA

18.6.2 DNA Replication

18.6.3 Significance of DNA

18.7. Sex Determination

18.7.1. Sex Determination in Human

Origin and Evolution of Life

Introduction

19.1 Theories on origin of life

19.3 Theories of Evolution

19.3.1 Lamarckism

19.3.2 Darvinism or Theory of natural selection

19.6 Ethnobotany

Breeding and Biotechnology

Introduction

20.2 Green Revolution

20.2.4 Plant breeding for improved nutritional

quality

20.3 Methods of Plant Breeding for

Crop Improvement

20.3.1 Introduction of new varieties of plants

20.3.2 Selection

20.3.3 Polyploidy Breeding

20.3.4 Mutation Breeding

20.3.5 Hybradisation

20.4 Animal Breeding

20.4.1 Inbreeding

20.4.2 Outbreeding

20.4.3 Heterosis

20.6 Biotechnology in Medicine

Health and Diseases

Introduction

21.1 Abuse and types of abuse

21.1.1 Child Abuse

21.1.2 Sexual Abuse

21.1.3 Child Sexual Abuse

21.1.4 Approaches for protection of an abused

child

21.2 Drug and tobacco abuse

21.3 Drug abuse

21.3.1 Types of Drug

21.3.2 Drug dependence

21.3.3 Behavioural changes of drug users

21.3.4 Drug De-addiction

21.4 Tobacco abuse

21.4.1 Tobacco Use

21.4.2 Smoking Hazards and effects of Tobacco

21.4.3 Prevention of smoking

21.5 Alcohol abuse

21.5.1 Harmful effects of alcohol to health

21.6 Rehabilitation measures for alcoholics

21.9 Obesity

21.9.1 Prevention and control of obesity

21.11 Cancer

21.11.1 Types of Cancer

21.11.2 Carcinogenic agents

21.11.3 Treatment of Cancer

21.11.4 Preventive measures for cancer

21.12 AIDS

21.12.1 Transmission of HIV

21.12.2 Symptoms and treatment of AIDS

21.12.3 Prevention and control of AIDS

Environmental management

Introduction

22.1 Conservation and judicious

use of Resources

22.5 Renewable and non-

renewable Energy Resources

22.5.1 Fossil Fuels

22.5.2 Coal and Petroleum

22.5.3 Steps to conserve coal and petroleum

resources

22.6 Non-Conventional (Alternative) Energy

Resources

22.6.3 Shale gas

22.6.5 Water energy

22.6.6 Tidal energy

22.7 Rainwater Harvesting

22.8. Electrical Energy Management

22.9 E-Waste and its management