ISC Class 12 Syllabus 2025-26 Released: Download Latest and Revised ISC Class 12th Syllabus PDF with Subject-wise

SECTION A – INDIAN HISTORY

1. Towards Independence & Partition (1939–47)

- August Offer, Cripps Mission, Quit India Movement

- Subhash Chandra Bose and INA

- Transfer of Power (Cabinet Mission, Mountbatten Plan, Indian Independence Act)

2. Establishment of Indian Democracy (1947–66)

- Sardar Patel and integration of princely states

- Junagarh, Hyderabad, Kashmir issues

- First General Elections (1952)

- States Reorganisation Act (1956): Andhra, Bombay, Punjab

3. Development of Indian Democracy (1964–77)

- Lal Bahadur Shastri

- 1967 elections and Opposition parties (SP, CPI, CPI(M), Jan Sangh, Akali Dal)

- Naxal Movement: leaders, areas, decline

- JP Movement

- Emergency: reasons, features, impact

4. Changing Face of Indian Democracy (1977–86)

- Janata Government: policies and fall

- Centre-State relations:

Punjab: Akali Dal, Bhindranwale, Operation Bluestar, Punjab Accord

Assam: agitation and Assam Accord (1985)

Nagaland: separatism, Shillong Accord

Mizoram: movement and resolution

5. India’s Foreign Policy

- Indo-Pak wars (1947–49, 1965, 1971)

- Sino-Indian War (1962): Tibet issue, border disputes, causes & consequences

6. Movements for Women’s Rights

- Towards Equality Report (1974)

- Anti-dowry and domestic violence movements (1970s–80s)

- Government responses

SECTION B – WORLD HISTORY

7. World War II

- Aggressive policies of Axis powers

- Anglo-French appeasement

- Axis invasions (1939–41)

- War course (Europe, Africa, Far East: 1942–45)

- Reasons for Axis defeat

8. Decolonisation (Asia & Africa)

- China: problems, land reforms, industry, Great Leap Forward

- Ghana: Nkrumah, democracy to dictatorship

- Kenya: conflict and Kenyatta’s role

9. Cold War (1945–91)

- Origins: Yalta, Potsdam, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan

- Soviet expansion, Berlin Blockade, NATO, Cuban Crisis

- Détente and fall of communism

- Breakup of USSR: reasons, 1991 coup, republics’ independence

10. Protest Movements

- USA Civil Rights Movement: racial issues, MLK Jr.

- Anti-Apartheid in South Africa: Mandela, end of Apartheid

- Second Wave Feminism (USA): causes, Equal Pay Act, NOW, ERA

11. Middle East: Israeli–Palestinian Conflict (1916–1993)

- British promises: Husain-MacMahon, Sykes-Picot, Balfour Declaration

- Arab-Israeli wars (1948–1973), Camp David Accord (1979)

- PLO formation, Intifada, Oslo Accords (1993 & 1995), failure of peace process

SECTION A – CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT

1. Forms of Government

- Totalitarian, Authoritarian, Liberal Democratic States: meaning, features, comparisons

- Unitary (Britain) vs Federal (USA): features and comparison

- Parliamentary (India) vs Presidential (USA): features and comparison

2. Constitution

- Meaning; Types: Written/Unwritten, Rigid/Flexible – merits & demerits

- Amending procedures in UK, USA, and India

3. Franchise and Representation

- Universal Adult Franchise: meaning, importance

- Representation Methods: First Past the Post & Proportional Representation

- Political Parties: Single, Bi-party, Multi-party systems – meanings & merits

4. The Legislature

- Meaning of Legislature

- India vs USA: Composition (election, strength, tenure), Functions (legislative, constituent, executive control, judicial, electoral, financial)

- Powers: Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, House of Representatives, Senate

- Senate as the most powerful second chamber

- Comparisons: Lok Sabha vs House of Representatives, Rajya Sabha vs Senate

5. The Executive

- Political vs Permanent Executive

- India: Powers of President (legislative, executive, emergency, discretionary), PM’s roles

- USA: President’s executive and legislative powers

- India vs USA Executives: election method, type, cabinet relations, financial roles

6. The Judiciary

- Meaning; conditions for independence

- India vs USA: Composition and powers of Supreme Courts

- Indian SC: original, appellate, advisory jurisdiction

- US SC: original, appellate jurisdiction

- Judicial Review: meaning and principles

SECTION B – INDIAN DEMOCRACY

7. Indian Constitution

(i) Preamble: meaning and key terms

(ii) Salient Features: written, sourced from others, federal with unitary spirit, fundamental rights/duties, DPSPs, judicial review, emergency powers, SC/ST provisions, etc.

8. Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles

- Fundamental Rights: meaning and all rights in detail

- DPSPs: liberal, Gandhian, socialist classifications

- Difference between Fundamental Rights and DPSPs

9. Local Self-Government

- 73rd & 74th Amendments: key features

- 11th & 12th Schedules

- Composition and functions of Zila Parishad and Municipal Corporation

10. Challenges to Indian Democracy

- Caste: meaning, political role

- Regionalism: language issues, sons-of-soil, river disputes, statehood demands, secession

- Political Violence: linguistic, secessionist, caste-based, terrorism, electoral violence, agitation

1. Physical Environment

• Locational Setting: India’s size, area, and strategic location with respect to Indian Ocean Rim countries

• Structure of India: Geological formation, physiographic divisions (Himalayas, Plains, Plateau, Coastal plains, Islands)

• Drainage: Main rivers and their sources (Ganga, Yamuna, Indus, etc.); comparison of Himalayan & Peninsular rivers

• Climate: Factors affecting India’s temperature & climate

• Natural Vegetation: Types, forest cover, conservation, misuse, forest policy, human impact

2. Population and Human Settlements

• India’s population: Share in world population, distribution at national & state levels

• Census, Index of Concentration, Arithmetic & Physiological Density

• Population growth patterns (last 3 decades), birth/death/natural/migratory growth

• Migration: Trends, types (intra/inter, rural-urban), causes, push/pull factors

• Demographic Attributes: Rural-urban ratio, age/sex composition, literacy, working population

• Rural Settlements: Types & patterns (hills, plains, coasts)

• Urban Settlements: Size and classification as per latest census

3. Resources of India and their Utilisation

• Environmental Management vs. Development

• Land Resources: Land use, cultivable quality, holding size

• Water Resources & Irrigation types

• Agriculture: Types, issues, commercial/industrial crops, market gardening, orchards

• Fishing in India

• Energy Resources: Sources and utilization

4. Infrastructural Resources

• Modes of Transport: Railways, Roadways, Waterways (inland/coastal), Airways, Pipelines – their distribution & factors affecting growth

• Communication: Role in rural/urban development, policy

• Importance of infrastructure in industrial economy

5. Industries

• Industrial location/distribution: Major centres, regional disparities

• Major industrial regions & growth factors

• Industry Types: Agro-based, Mineral-based – location, production, growth

6. Regional Economic Development (Case Studies)

• Concept of Development, Planning Regions, Multilevel Planning

• Case Study 1: Chhattisgarh – mining, silk, farming

• Case Study 2: Bengaluru – electronics industry, linkages, challenges

• Case Study 3: Haldia Port – industrial growth, hinterland

1. Micro Economic Theory

Demand, Utility Analysis (Cardinal & Ordinal), Elasticity of Demand, Supply, Market Mechanism, Production Function, Law of Variable Proportions, Cost & Revenue, Producer’s Equilibrium, Market Forms

2. Theory of Income and Employment

Concepts of Demand, Aggregate Demand & Supply, Propensity to Consume & Save, Investment Multiplier, Full Employment, Excess & Deficient Demand

3. Money and Banking

Functions & Types of Money, Supply of Money (M0–M4), Inflation (Demand Pull & Cost Push), Functions of Commercial Banks, Credit Creation, Functions of Central Bank, Monetary Policy Instruments

4. Balance of Payment and Exchange Rate

Balance of Payment (Components & Disequilibrium), Exchange Rate (Fixed & Flexible), Depreciation, Appreciation, Devaluation, Revaluation

5. Public Finance

Fiscal Policy (Instruments), Public Revenue, Expenditure & Debt, Deficit Financing, Government Budget (Types & Components), Revenue Deficit, Fiscal & Primary Deficit

6. National Income

Circular Flow (2, 3, 4 sector models), NY Aggregates (GDP, GNP, NNP, etc.), Real vs Nominal GDP, GDP & Welfare, Methods of NY Measurement (Product, Income, Expenditure), Precautions & Difficulties

1. Human Resource Management

HRM Concept & Importance, Job & Manpower Planning, Recruitment (Sources, E-recruitment), Selection Procedure, Training (Types & Methods), Staff Morale, Motivation (Maslow, Herzberg), Remuneration (Wages, Benefits), Leadership (Styles, Theories), Appraisal (Performance, Potential), Promotion & Transfer, Separation, Emerging Trends

2. Business Communication and Correspondence

Business Communication (Process, Methods, Types, Barriers), Business Letters (Job Applications, Enquiry, Complaint, Resignation, etc.), Reports (Types & Format), Current Trends (Email, Video Conferencing)

3. Business Size and Finance

Business Entities (Sole, Partnership, Pvt Ltd, Public Ltd), Sources of Finance (Shares, Debentures, Loans, Deposits, Venture Capital, Angel Investors, Factoring, etc.)

4. Globalisation and Recent Trends in Business

Globalisation (Meaning, Impact), e-Business, Outsourcing (BPO, KPO, LPO), Online Business Models (B2C, C2C, B2B, IntraB, B2G, G2B)

5. Business Regulators and Intermediaries

Regulators & Intermediaries (RBI, SEBI, IRDA, FSSAI, BIS), Roles of Banks, NBFCs, Brokers, Depositories, Credit Rating Agencies, Insurance Agents, Food Processors, Standards Bodies

1. Business Environment

Concept & Importance, Environmental Scanning, Micro & Macro Environment, SWOT Analysis

2. Financing

Capital: Fixed & Working, Capital Structure, Financial Planning, Sources of Finance: Equity, Preference, Bonus, Rights, ESOP, Sweat Equity, Retained Earnings, Debentures, Bank Loans, Short-term Finance, E-Banking & Digital Banking (RTGS, NEFT, IMPS, UPI, E-wallets, Credit/Debit Cards, etc.)

3. Management

Concept & Objectives, Nature (Art/Science/Profession), Levels, Principles (Taylor & Fayol), Functions: Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing, Controlling, Coordinating

4. Marketing

Marketing Concepts (Traditional vs Modern), Marketing Mix (Product, Price, Place, Promotion), Branding, Packaging, Labeling, Consumer Protection & Rights (Consumer Protection Acts 1986, 2019, 2023)

SECTION A(Partnership & Company Accounts)

Partnership Accounts

A. Fundamentals of Partnership B. Goodwill C. Reconstitution of Partnership     I. Admission     II. Retirement and Death of a Partner     III. Dissolution of a Partnership Firm

Joint Stock Company Accounts

A. Issue of Shares B. Issue of Debentures C. Redemption of Debentures D. Final Accounts of Companies

SECTION B(Management Accounting)

Financial Statement Analysis

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Cash Flow Statement

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Ratio Analysis

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Accounting Application of Electronic Spreadsheet

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Database Management System (DBMS)

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Section A

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1. Relations and Functions

Types of Relations, Functions and Invertibility, Inverse Trigonometric Functions

2. Algebra

Matrices, Determinants, System of Linear Equations

3. Calculus

Continuity and Differentiability, Derivatives and Applications, Integrals (Indefinite and Definite), Differential Equations

4. Probability

Conditional Probability, Bayes’ Theorem, Random Variables, Probability Distribution

Section B

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5. Vectors

Vector Operations, Scalar and Vector Products, Applications

6. Three-dimensional Geometry

Direction Cosines and Ratios, Equations of Lines and Planes, Angles, Distances

7. Application of Integrals

Area under Curves, Area between Curves

Section C

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8. Application of Calculus

Cost, Revenue, Profit Functions, Maxima and Minima in Economics

9. Linear Regression

Lines of Regression, Least Squares, Regression Coefficients, Estimation

10. Linear Programming

Formulation of L.P. Problems, Graphical Solutions, Constraints, Feasible/Optimal Solutions

1

Electrostatics

(i) Electric Charges and Fields: Charge conservation, Coulomb's Law, superposition principle, electric field and dipole, Gauss's theorem and applications.(ii) Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance: Potential and potential energy, equipotential surfaces, conductors and dielectrics, capacitance, combination, energy stored.

2

Current Electricity

Drift velocity, Ohm's Law and V-I characteristics, resistivity and conductivity, internal resistance of cells, Kirchhoff's laws, Wheatstone bridge, potentiometer.

3

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

(i) Moving Charges and Magnetism: Magnetic field, Biot-Savart Law, Ampere's Law, force on moving charge and current-carrying wire, torque on loop, galvanometer.(ii) Magnetism and Matter: Magnetic dipole, bar magnet, types of magnetic materials, electromagnets and permanent magnets.

4

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

(i) Electromagnetic Induction: Faraday's laws, Lenz's law, self and mutual induction, transformer.(ii) Alternating Current: Peak, mean, RMS values, AC circuit analysis (R, L, C, LCR), resonance, wattless current, power, AC generator.

5

Electromagnetic Waves

Displacement current, nature and characteristics of EM waves, EM spectrum and uses.

6

Optics

(i) Ray Optics: Reflection, refraction, lenses, mirrors, optical instruments (microscope, telescope).(ii) Wave Optics: Huygen's principle, interference (Young's experiment), diffraction (single slit).

7

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Photoelectric effect, Einstein's equation, de-Broglie relation, Davisson-Germer experiment.

8

Atoms and Nuclei

(i) Atoms: Rutherford and Bohr models, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum.(ii) Nuclei: Mass defect, binding energy, nuclear fission and fusion, reactors, energy production.

9

Electronic Devices

(i) Semiconductor Physics: Energy bands, intrinsic/extrinsic semiconductors.(ii) Diodes: I-V characteristics, LED, photodiode, solar cell, Zener diode as voltage regulator.

Electrostatics

(i) Electric charges and fields: Charge conservation, Coulomb’s law, superposition principle, electric field and lines, dipole field, Gauss’s law and its applications.

(ii) Electrostatic potential and capacitance: Potential, potential difference, potential due to a dipole, equipotential surfaces, energy in capacitors, series/parallel combinations, dielectric effects.

Current Electricity

Free electron model, drift velocity, Ohm’s law, resistivity, temperature dependence, power, internal resistance, EMF, series/parallel combinations, Kirchhoff’s laws, Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge, potentiometer and applications.

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

(i) Moving charges and magnetism: Magnetic field, Biot–Savart law, Ampere’s circuital law, force on a current-carrying wire, torque, motion in magnetic fields, galvanometer, ammeter, voltmeter.

(ii) Magnetism and matter: Bar magnet, Earth's field, magnetic materials (dia-, para-, ferro-), hysteresis (qualitative), electromagnets and permanent magnets.

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current

(i) Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s laws, Lenz’s law, eddy currents, self and mutual induction, transformer (ideal).

(ii) Alternating current: Mean/RMS value, impedance, resonance in LCR circuits, power factor, wattless current, LC oscillations, AC generator, transformer principles and applications.

Electromagnetic Waves

Displacement current, electromagnetic wave properties, transverse nature, electromagnetic spectrum (radio to gamma), uses of various spectrum regions.

Optics

(i) Ray optics: Reflection, refraction, total internal reflection, lens and prism formulae, optical instruments like microscope and telescope.

(ii) Wave optics: Huygens’ principle, interference (Young’s double slit), fringe width, diffraction by single slit, polarisation, Brewster’s law.

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Photoelectric effect, Einstein’s equation, threshold frequency, work function, de Broglie wavelength, Davisson-Germer experiment (qualitative idea).

Atoms and Nuclei

(i) Atoms: Rutherford’s model, Bohr’s theory, hydrogen spectrum, energy levels.

(ii) Nuclei: Composition, size, mass defect, binding energy, fission, fusion, nuclear reactor (qualitative), chain reactions.

Electronic Devices

Semiconductors (intrinsic/extrinsic), diode characteristics, p-n junction, Zener diode, solar cells, LED, photodiode, rectifiers, Zener as voltage regulator.

1

Reproduction

Reproduction in organisms, Sexual reproduction in flowering plants, Human reproduction, Reproductive health

2

Genetics and Evolution

Principles of inheritance and variation, Molecular basis of inheritance, Evolution

3

Biology and Human Welfare

Human health and diseases, Strategies for enhancement in food production, Microbes in human welfare

4

Biotechnology and Its Applications

Biotechnology – Principles and processes, Biotechnology and its applications

5

Ecology and Environment

Organisms and populations, Ecosystem, Biodiversity and conservation, Environmental issues

Food Preparation

- Principles of cooking; dry and wet/moist cooking methods; reasons, advantages & disadvantages of each

- Technologies used in cooking

- Preliminary food treatments before cooking

- Culinary terms

- Effects of cooking on food components

- Methods to increase nutritive value of food

Meal Planning for the Family

- Objectives of meal planning

- Nutritional adequacy

- Factors affecting food selection: age, gender, occupation, personal choices, season, religion, family size, income, etc.

- Meal plans for different age groups: preschoolers, children, teens, adults, elderly (based on RDA)

- Eating disorders: anorexia, bulimia, binge eating, obesity – meaning, symptoms, control

- Good food habits: breakfast, regular meals, avoiding junk food and skipping meals

- Food fads – meaning and examples

- Special diets: meaning, types, and diets for fever, diarrhea, diabetes, obesity, hypertension with a one-day menu plan

Resource Management

- Importance of savings and investment

- Avenues and schemes for saving: banks, post office

Consumer Education

- Importance, rights & responsibilities of consumers

- Consumer Protection Act (2019) – key points

- Consumer aids: standard marks, labels, advertisements and their effects

- Consumer problems: price variation, black marketing, false ads, deceptive packaging, substandard goods

- Food adulteration: definition (as per PFA), common adulterants (e.g. dust, argemone oil, kesari dal, metanil yellow) and their harmful effects

Human Development

- Physical development: puberty, adolescence, hormones, sports, fitness

- Cognitive development: stages

- Social/emotional development: role of family, school, teachers, peers; parenting patterns; gender roles/stereotypes

- Adolescent issues: peer pressure, substance/sexual abuse, anger, depression, suicide, social media, career prep

- Adulthood: meaning, stages (early, middle, late adulthood)

Traditional Textiles

- Classification: embroidered, woven, dyed, printed, painted

- Embroidered textiles: Chikankari, Phulkari, Kashida, Kantha, Kasuti, Kutch – thread, colours, fabric, motifs, products

- Woven: Baluchari, Chanderi, Kanjeevaram, Banarasi, Jamdani, Kani – characteristics, care

- Dyed: Bandhini, Patola, Ikat – fibre, colours, motifs

- Printed/Painted: Kalamkari, Madhubani, Bagh, Dabu – origin, technique, motifs

Communication & Extension

- Water safety: importance, methods (boiling, traditional filters, alum, chlorine)

- National Programmes: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and ICDS – objectives, features