TS Intermediate Syllabus 2025-26: Check Subject-Wise TS Inter 2nd Year Syllabus, Download PDF

Prose

Playing the English Gentleman - M.K. Gandhi

The Bet - Anton Chekov

The Mad Tea Party - Lewis Carrol

On Smiles - A.G. Gardiner

The Prize Poem Sir P. G. Wodehouse

Sale - Anita Desai

Riders to the Sea - J.M. Synge

Poetry

Ulysses - Alfred Lord Tennyson

The Second Coming - W.B. Yeats

The Unknown Citizen - W.H. Auden

To the Indians who Died in South Africa -T.S. Eliot

The Night of the Scorpion - Nissim Ezekiel

Rakhi - Vikram Seth

Telephone Conversation - Wole Soyinka

Non-detailed Text

Julius Caesar - Shakespeare Orient Longman Edition

1. Transport in Plants

1.1 Means of Transport

1.2 Plant Water Relations

1.3 Long Distance Transport

1.4 Transpiration

1.5 Mineral Uptake & Transport

1.6 Phloem Transport (Source to Sink)

2. Mineral Nutrition

2.1 Mineral Requirement Methods

2.2 Essential Elements

2.3 Absorption Mechanism

2.4 Solute Translocation

2.5 Soil Reservoir

2.6 Nitrogen Metabolism

3. Enzymes

3.1 Chemical Reactions

3.2 Enzyme Efficiency

3.3 Nature of Action

3.4 Activity Factors

3.5 Classification

3.6 Cofactors

4. Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

4.1 Basics

4.2 Early Experiments

4.3 Site of Photosynthesis

4.4 Pigments

4.5 Light Reaction

4.6 Electron Transport

4.7 ATP/NADPH Use

4.8 C4 Pathway

4.9 Photorespiration

4.10 Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

5. Respiration in Plants

5.1 Breathing in Plants

5.2 Glycolysis

5.3 Fermentation

5.4 Aerobic Respiration

5.5 Balance Sheet

5.6 Amphibolic Pathway

5.7 Respiratory Quotient

6. Plant Growth and Development

6.1 Growth

6.2 Differentiation, De-differentiation & Re-differentiation

6.3 Development

6.4 Growth Regulators

6.5 Seed Dormancy

6.6 Photoperiodism

6.7 Vernalisation

7. Bacteria

7.1 Morphology

7.2 Cell Structure

7.3 Nutrition

7.4 Reproduction

7.5 Importance to Humans

8. Viruses

8.1 Discovery

8.2 Classification

8.3 Structure

8.4 Bacteriophage Multiplication

8.5 Viral Plant Diseases

8.6 Viral Animal Diseases

9. Principles of Inheritance and Variation

9.1 Mendel’s Experiments

9.2 Monohybrid Cross

9.3 Deviations from Mendelism

9.4 Dihybrid Cross

9.5 Chromosomal Theory

9.6 Linkage & Recombination

9.7 Mutations

10. Molecular Basis of Inheritance

10.1 DNA

10.2 Search for Genetic Material

10.3 RNA World

10.4 Replication

10.5 Transcription

10.6 Genetic Code

10.7 Translation

10.8 Gene Expression Regulation

11. Biotechnology: Principles & Processes

11.1 Principles

11.2 Tools of Recombinant DNA

11.3 rDNA Process

12. Biotechnology and its Applications

12.1 Agricultural Applications

12.2 Other Applications

12.3 Transgenic Plants

12.4 Biosafety & Ethical Issues

13. Strategies for Food Production

13.1 Plant Breeding

13.2 Single Cell Protein

13.3 Tissue Culture

14. Microbes in Human Welfare

14.1 Household Products

14.2 Industrial Products

14.3 Sewage Treatment

14.4 Biogas Production

14.5 Biocontrol Agents

14.6 Biofertilizers

14.7 Microbial Challenges

UNIT-I: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

IA. Digestion and Absorption

1.11. Digestive system-Alimentary canal and digestive glands;

1.1.3 Digestive process (physiology of digestion), peristalsis, absorption of digested food

1.1.6 Gastro-Intestinal hormones, disorders of digestive system

IB. Breathing and Exchange of gases

1.2.1. Respiratory organs

1.2.2. Human Respiratory System

1.2.3. Mechanism of breathing,

1.2.4 Respiratory volumes and capacities, Exchange of gases

1.2.6 Transport of gases

1.2.7 Regulation of respiratory movements.

1.2.8. Disorders of the Respiratory system.

Unit II A BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION

2.1 Lymphatic System

2.2 Clotting of blood Circulating pathways

2.3 Human cardio-vascular system

2.4 Cardiac cycle, double circulation; Regulation of cardiac activity

2.5 Blood vessels, disorders of circulatory system: Hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD), angina pectoris, heart failure

IIB. Excretory products and their Elimination:

2.6 Modes of excretion-Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, Uricotelism, Excretory organs

2.7 Human excretory system-structure of kidney and nephron;

2.8 Urineformation, osmoregulation, Regulation of kidney function-Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and diabetes in sipidus

2.9 Role of other organs in excretion

2.10 Disorders: Uraemia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis, Glomerulonephritis, dialysis using artificial kidney

UNIT–III: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-III

IIIA. Musculoskeletal system:

3.1.1 Types of moment,The muscle- structure of muscle ultrastructure of skeletal muscle fibre, Contract ileproteins

3.1.2 Mechanism of muscle contraction, Muscle Fatigue, Coricycle, types of Muscle Fibers

3.2 The skeleton

3.2.1 Axial skeleton

3.2.2 Appendicular skeleton

3.3.1 Joints, Structure of synovial joints

3.2.4 Disorders of the muscular and skeletal system: myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout

IIIB. Neural control and Co-ordination:

3.5 Human NeuralSystem-Central nervous system, Peripheral nervous system, somatic nervous system and autonomic neural system

3.6 Generation and conduction of nerve impulse and synaptic Transmission

3.7 Reflex action and Reflex Arc.

3.8 Sensory reception and processing; Sense organs The Eye, mechanism vision, The Ear and mechanism of hearing, disorders of human neural system Disorders of Human Neural system- Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Meningitis, Parkinson’s Diseases, Strokeor Cerebro-Vascular Accident (CVA)

UNIT–IV: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

IVA. Endocrine system and Chemical coordination:

4.1 Endocrine glands and hormones: Human endocrine system-Hypothalamus, pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Thymus, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads, Hormones of Kidney, Heart and gastro intestinal tract and Liver

4.2 Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary idea only); Role of hormones as messengers and regulators

4.3 Human hormonal disorders due to Hypo and hyper secretions: Dwarfism, acromegaly, Gigantism, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, myxedema, tetany, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, insulin shock Adison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome

IVB. Immune System:

4.4 Basic concepts of immunology- Types of cellsof the immune system,organs of immune system

4.5 Types of Immunity Innate Immunity, Acquired Immunity, Active and Passive Immunity, Humoral immunity, Cell-mediated immunity

4.6 Vaccination or Immunization

4.7 Immunological Disorders HIV and AIDS, Hypersensitivity disorders, Autoimmune disorders, Graft Rejections

HUMAN REPRODUCTION

VA.Human Reproductive System:

5.1 The Male Reproductive system

5.2 The Female Reproductive System

5.3 Gametogenesis-Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis

5.4 Menstrual Cycle

5.5 Fertilization and development, Implantation

5.6 Gastrulation

5.7 Extraembryonic membranes

5.8 Placenta Formation

5.9 Parturition

5.10 Lactation (elementary idea)

VB. Reproductive health:

5.12 Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases(STD) Birth control-Need and methods, contraception, barrier methods, intra urine devices ,oral contraceptive pills, surgical methods and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)

5.13 Amniocentesis: in fertility and Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)-IVF-ET, ZIFT, GIFT, ICSI, AI, Surrogacy

UNIT–VI:GENETICS

6.1 Heredity and variation: Morgan’s experiment, With reference to Drosophila (Drosophila melanogaster Grey, Black body color; Long Vestigial Wings)

6.2 Pleiotropy Co-dominance (Blood groups as example)

6.3 Multiplealleles: Inheritance of blood groups and ABO’ Blood types, Rh-Blood types, genetic control of Rh system, Erythroblastiosisfoetalis

6.4 Polygenic Inheritance

6.5 Sex determination-Heterpgametic sex determination Male heterogamety, female heterogamety Sex determination in humans Genic balance theory, Barr bodies, Haplodiploidy in honey bees

6.6 Sex – Linked inheritance–Sex linkage in Drosophila, Sex linked inheritance - in Human beings – Haemophilia, colorblindness mendeli and isordersin humans - Thalassemia, Haemophilia, Sickle celled anaemia, cystiefibrosis PKU, Alkaptonuria. Y linked inheritance, XY Linked inheritance

6.7 Genetic disorders–Down’s sysdrome, Turner’s Syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome

6.8 Human Genome Project

6.9 DNA Finger Printing – protocol Application of DNA fingerprinting

UNITVII:ORGANIC EVOLUTION

7.1 Origin of life

7.2 Biological evolution

7.3 Evidences for biological evolution (palaeontological, comparative anatomical, embryological and molecular evidences)

7.4 Theories of evolution: Lamarckism (in brief), Darwin’s Theory of Evolution-Natural Selection with example – industrial melanism, mutation theory

7.5 Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution- or Neo Darwinism

7.6 Mechanism of evolution Hardy-Weinberg Eqilibrium;

II Evolutionary forces

Types of Natural Selection; Geneflow, Genetic load,

genetic drift

III Speciation

Anagenesis, cladogenesis Allopatric specitation,

Sympatric speciation

7.7 A brief account of evolution

7.8 Origin and evolution of man

UNIT-VIII:APPLIED BIOLOGY

8.1 Animal husbandry, Dairy farm management

8.2 Poultry farm management

8.3 Bee-Keeping

8.4 Fishery Management

8.5 Biotechnological Applications in Medicine

8.6 Vaccines

8.7 Molecular Diagnosis

8.8 Gene Therapy

8.9 Transgenic Animals

8.10 Cancer Biology

8.11 Stem cells

8.12 Biomedical Technology

Chapter 1: Waves

Introduction

Transverse and Longitudinal waves

Displacement relation in a progressive wave

Speed of a Travelling Wave

The principle of superposition of waves

Reflection of waves

Beats

Doppler Effect

Chapter 2: Ray Optics And Optical Instruments

Introduction

Reflection of light by Spherical Mirrors

Refraction

Total Internal Reflection

Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses.

Refraction through a prism

Dispersion by a Prism

Some Natural phenomena due to Sunlight

Optical Instruments

Chapter 3: Wave Optics

Introduction

Huygens Principle

Refraction and Reflection of plane waves using Huygens Principle

Coherent and Incoherent Addition of waves

Interference of Light waves and Young’s Experiment

Diffraction

Polarisation

Chapter 4: Electric Charges And Fields

Introduction

Electric Charges

Conductors and Insulators

Charging by Induction

Basic Properties of Electric Charge

Coulomb’s Law

Forces between Multiple charges

Electric Field

Electric Field Lines

Electric Flux

Electric Dipole

Dipole in a uniform external field

Continuous Charge Distribution

Gauss’s Law

Application of Gauss’ Law

Chapter 5: Electrostatic Potential And Capacitance

Introduction

Electrostatic Potential

Potential due to a point charge

Potential due to an Electric Dipole

Potential due to a System of Charges

Equipotential Surfaces

Potential Energy of a System of Charges

Potential Energy in an External field

Electrostatics of Conductors

Dielectrics and Polarisation

Capacitors and Capacitance

The Parallel Plate Capacitor

Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance

Combination of Capacitors

Energy Stored in a Capacitor

Van de Graaff Generator

Chapter 6: Current Electricity

Introduction

Electric current

Electric current in conductors

Ohm’s Law

Drift Electrons and Origin of Resistivity

Limitations of Ohm's Law

Resistivity of various Materials

Temperature Dependence of Resistivity

Electric Energy, Power

Combination of Resistors – Series and Parallel

Cells, emf, Internal Resistance

Cells in Series and in Parallel

Kirchhoff’s Laws

Wheatstone Bridge

Meter Bridge

Potentiometer

Chapter 7: Moving Charges And Magnetism

Introduction

Magnetic Force

Motion in a Magnetic field

Motion in combined Electric and Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Field due to a Current Element, Biot-Savart Law

Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop

Ampere’s Circuital Law

The Solenoid and the Toroid

Force between two Parallel Currents, The Ampere(Unit)

Torque on Current Loop, Magnetic Dipole

The Moving Coil Galvanometer

Chapter 8: Magnetism And Matter

Introduction

The Bar Magnet

Magnetism and Gauss’s Law

The Earth’s Magnetism

Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity

Magnetic Properties of Materials

Magnets and Electromagnets

Chapter 9: Electromagnetic Induction

Introduction

The experiments of Faraday and Henry

Magnetic Flux

Faraday’s Law of Induction

Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy

Motional Electromotive Force

Energy consideration : A Quantitative Study

Eddy Currents

Inductance

AC Generator

Chapter 10: Alternating Current:

Introduction

AC voltage applied to a Resistor

Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors- Phasors

AC voltage applied to an Inductor

AC voltage applied to a Capacitor

AC voltage applied to a Series LCR Circuit

Power in AC Circuit: The Power Factor

LC Oscillations

Transformers

Chapter 11: Electro Magnetic Waves

Introduction

Displacement Current

Electro Magnetic Waves

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Chapter 12: Dual Nature Of Radiation And Matter

Introduction

Electron Emission

Photoelectric Effect

Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect

Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light

Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation

Particle Nature of Light : The Photon

Wave Nature of Matter

Davisson and Germer Experiment

Chapter 13: Atoms

Introduction

Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear model of Atom

Atomic Spectra

Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom

The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom

De Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation

Chapter 14 :Nuclei

Introduction

Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus

Size of the Nucleus

Mass- Energy and Nuclear Binding Energy

Nuclear Force

Radioactivity

Nuclear Energy

Chapter 15: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices And Simple Circuits

Introduction

Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors

Intrinsic Semiconductor

Extrinsic Semiconductor

p – n junction

Semi conductor diode

Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier

Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes

Junction Transistor

Digital Electronics and Logic Gates

Integrated Circuits

Chapter 16: Communication Systems

Introduction

Elements of communication system

Basic Terminology used in Electronic Communication Systems

Bandwidth of Signals

Bandwidth of Transmission Medium

Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves

Modulation and its Necessity

Amplitude Modulation

Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave

Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave

Solid State

General Characteristics of Solid State

Amorphous and Crystalline Solids

Classification of Crystalline Solids

Probing the structure of solids: X-ray crystallography

Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell

Close Packed Structures

Packing Efficiency

Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions

Imperfections in Solids

Electrical Properties

Magnetic Properties

Solutions

Types of Solutions

Expressing Concentration of Solutions

Solubility

Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions

Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions

Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass

Abnormal Molar Masses

Electrochemistry And Chemical Kinetics

Electrochemical Cells

Galvanic Cells

Nernst Equation

Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions

Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis

Batteries

Fuel Cells

Corrosion

Rate of a Chemical Reaction

Factors Influencing Rate of a Reaction

Integrated Rate Equations

Pseudo First Order Reaction

Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction

Collision Theory of Chemical Reaction Rates

Surface Chemistry

Adsorption

Catalysis

Colloids

Classification of Colloids

Emulsions

Colloids Around Us

General Principles Of Metallurgy

Occurrence of Metals

Concentration of Ores

Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore

Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy

Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy

Oxidation and Reduction

Refining of Crude Metal

Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and Iron

P-Block Elements

Introduction

Dinitrogen

Ammonia

Oxides of nitrogen

Nitric acid

Phosphorous-allotropic forms

Phosphine

Phosphorous halides

Oxoacids of phosphorous

Introduction

Dioxygen

Simple Oxides

Ozone

Sulphur-Allotropic forms

Sulphur dioxide

Oxoacids of Sulphur

Sulphuric Acid

Introduction

Chlorine

Hydrogen Chloride

Oxoacids of Halogens

Interhalogen Compounds

Introduction- Occurance, Electronic configuration Ionisation Enthalpy,Atomic radii, Electron Gain Enthalpy Physical and Chemical properties

D And F Block Elements & Coordination Compounds

Position in the Periodic Table

Electronic Configuration

General Properties of Transition Elements (dBlock)

Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements

Inner Transition Elements(f-Block)

Actinoids

Some Applications of d and f Block Elements

Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds

Definitions of Some Terms used in Coordination Compounds

Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds

Isomerism in Coordination Compounds

Bonding in Coordination Compounds

Bonding in Metal Carbonyls

Stability of Coordination Compounds

Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds

Polymers

Classification of Polymers

Types of Polymerization Reactions

Molecular Mass of Polymers

Biodegradable Polymers

Polymers of Commercial Importance

Biomolecules

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Enzymes

Vitamins

Nucleic acids

Hormones

Chemistry In Everyday Life

Drugs and their Classification

Drug-Target Interaction

Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs

Chemicals in Food

Cleansing Agents

Halo Alkanes And Haloarenes

Classification

Nature of C-X bond

Methods of Preparation

Physical Properties

Chemical Reactions

Polyhalogen Compounds

Organic Compounds Containing C, H And O (Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, Aldehydes, Ketones And Carboxylic Acids) Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers

Classification -Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Nomenclature- Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Structures of Hydroxy and Ether Functional Groups

Alcohols and Phenols

Physical Properties

Chemical Reactions

Some Commercially Important Alcohols

Ethers

Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Group

Preparation of Aldehydes and ketones

Physical Properties

Chemical Reactions

Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones

Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group

Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids

Physical Properties

Chemical Reactions

Uses of Carboxylic Acids

Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Structure of Amines

Classification

Nomenclature

Preparation of Amines

Physical Properties

Chemical Reactions

Methods of Preparation of Diazonium Salts

Physical Properties

Chemical Reactions

Importance of Diazonium Salts in Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds

Structure of cyanides and isocyanides

Preparation

Theory of Equations

The relation between the roots and coefficients in an equation

Solving the equations when two or more roots of it are connected by certain relation

Equation with real coefficients, occurrence of complex roots in conjugate pairs and its consequences

Transformation of equations - Reciprocal Equations.

Measures Of Dispersion

Range

Mean deviation

Variance and standard deviation of ungrouped/grouped data.

Coefficient of variation and analysis of frequency distribution with equal means but different variances.

Random Variables and Probability Distributions

Random Variables

Theoretical discrete distributions – Binomial and Poisson Distributions

Probability

Random experiments and events

Classical definition of probability, Axiomatic approach and addition theorem of probability.

Independent and dependent events Conditional probability- multiplication theorem andBayee’s theorem.

Quadratic Expressions

Quadratic expressions, equations in one variable

Sign of quadratic expressions – Change in signs – Maximum and minimum values

Quadratic inequations

Partial fractions

Partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) when g(x) contains non –repeated linear factors

Partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) when g(x) contains repeated and/or non-repeatedlinear factors.

Partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) when g(x) contains repeated and non-repeated irreducible factors only

Permutations and Combinations

Fundamental Principle of counting – linear and circular permutations

Permutations of ‘n’ dissimilar things taken ‘r’ at a time

Permutations when repetitions allowed

Circular permutations

Permutations with constraint repetitions

Combinations-definitions and certain theorems

De Moivre’s Theorem

De Moivre’s theorem- Integral and Rational indices.

nth roots of unity- Geometrical Interpretations – Illustrations.

Complex Numbers

Complex number as an ordered pair of real numbers- fundamental operations

Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib.

Modulus and amplitude of complex numbers –Illustrations.

Geometrical and Polar Representation of complex numbers in Argand planeArgand diagram

Binomial Theorem

Binomial theorem for positive integral index

Binomial theorem for rational Index (Without proof)

Approximations using Binomial theorem

Integration

Integration as the inverse process of differentiation- Standard forms –properties of integrals.

Method of substitution- integration of Algebraic, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions. Integration by parts.

Integration- Partial fractions method.

Reduction formulae

Differential equations

Formation of differential equation-Degree and order of an ordinary differential equation.

Solving differential equation by a) Variables separable method b) Homogeneous differential equation. c) Non - Homogeneous differential equation. d) Linear differential equations.

Hyperbola

Equation of hyperbola in standard form- Parametric equations.

Equations of tangent and normal at a point on the hyperbola (Cartesian and parametric)- conditions for a straight line to be a tangent- Asymptotes

Ellipse

Equation of ellipse in standard form- Parametric equations.

Equation of tangent and normal at a point on the ellipse (Cartesian and parametric)- Condition for a straight line to be a tangent.

Circle

Equation of circle -standard form-centre and radius of a circle with a given line segment as diameter & equation of circle through three non collinear points -parametric equations of a circle.

Position of a point in the plane of a circle – power of a point-definition of tangent-length of tangent

Position of a straight line in the plane of a circle-conditions for a line to be tangent – chord joining two points on a circle – equation of the tangent at a point on the circle- point of contact-equation of normal.

Chord of contact - pole and polar-conjugate points and conjugate lines - equation of chord with given middle point.

Relative position of two circles- circles touching each other externally, internally common tangents –centers of similitude-equation of pair of tangents from an external point.

Definite Integrals

Definite Integral as the limit of sum

Interpretation of Definite Integral as an area.

Fundamental theorem of Integral Calculus.

Properties

Reduction formulae.

Application of Definite integral to areas.

Parabola

Conic sections –Parabola- equation of parabola in standard form-different forms of parabola- parametric equations.

Equations of tangent and normal at a point on the parabola ( Cartesian and parametric)- conditions for straight line to be a tangent.

System of circles

Angle between two intersecting circles.

Radical axis of two circles- properties- Common chord and common tangent of two circles – radicalcentre.

Chapter I. Indian Constitution - Historical Content

Indian National Movement; Phases of National Movement

The Government of India Acts 1909, 1919, 1935

Constituent Assembly and framing of Indian Constitution

Philosophy and basic features of Constitution

Chapter II. Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy

Fundamental Rights

Directive Principles of State Policy

Fundamental Duties

Chapter  III. Union Government

The President of India

The Vice-President of India

The Prime Minister of India

Union Council of Ministers

Parliament of India

Supreme Court

Chapter  IV. State Government

Governor

Chief Minister

Council of Ministers in the state

Legislative: Legislative Assembly

Legislative Council

High Court

Chapter V Centre State Relations

Centre – State Legislative, Administrative, Financial Relations

Centre-State Conflicts: Sarkaria Commission, M.M.Punchhi Commission

Centre Finance Commission

Inter – State Council

NITI Aayog

Chapter  VI. Local Governments

Rural Development & Panchayat Raj Institutions

Grassroot democracy: 73rd Amendment

74th Amendment

Panchayat Raj and Urban Local bodies in Telangana

Chapter VII. Election System in India

Central Election Commission

Powers and functions of the Election Commission

Electoral Reforms in India

Political Parties in India

Anti Defection Law

Chapter VIII. Contemporary Issues in Indian Politics

Dynamic nature of Indian Politics

Regionalism

Coalition Politics

Corruption

Terrorism

Chapter  IX: Emergence of Telangana State

Formation of Hyderabad State

Political development

Gentlemen Agreement

Emergency of Andhra Pradesh

Violation of Safeguards

1969 Agitation – Telangana Praja Samithi

Reaction of Mulki Judgment

Telangana Movement

Role of JAC’s in Telangana Movement

A.P. Reorganisation Act, formation of Telangana state

Chapter X: SMART Governance

SMART Governance

Good Governance

E-Governance

Right to Information Act

Lokpal, Lokayutha Act - 2013

Transparency and Accountability

Chapter XI: India and the World

Determinants of Foreign Policy

Basic Features of India’s Foreign Policy

India and Non-Aligned Movement

India and BRICS

India and BIMSTEC

SAARC

UNO

Unit 1: Economic Growth and Economic Development

Concepts of Economic Growth and Economic Development

Objectives of Economic Development

Indicators of Economic Development

Factors Hindering Economic Development

Factors Promoting Economic Development

Characteristics of Developed Economies

Characteristics of Developing Economies with Special Reference to India

Unit 2: Demography and Human Resource Development

Theory of Demographic Transition

Demographic Features of Indian Population

Concept and Causes of Population Explosion

Occupational and Sectoral Distribution of Population in India

Population Policy in India

Human Resource Development: Concept and Importance

Role of Education in Economic Development and Education in India

Role of Health in Economic Development and Health in India

Human Development Index

Views of Amartya Sen on Human Development

Unit 3: National Income, Poverty and Unemployment

A Backdrop to National Income Studies

Changes in National Income and Per Capita Income in India

Sectoral Contribution to National Income

Share of Public Sector and Private Sector in GDP

Inequalities in the Distribution of Income and Wealth: Causes and Remedial Measures

Poverty in India: Concept, Types, Incidence, Causes and Consequences

Unemployment in India: Types, Concepts, Estimates, Causes and Consequences

Remedial Measures of Poverty & Unemployment - Government Initiatives

Views of Abhijit Banerjee on Poverty

Unit No.4: Planning and NITI Aayog

Concept, Types and Importance of Planning

Major Objectives of Five Year Plans in India

Review of Five Year Plans

NITI Aayog

Rural - Urban Imbalances

Regional Imbalances: Causes, Consequences & Remedial Measures

Unit 5:Agricultural Sector

Importance and Growth of Agriculture in Indian Economy

Causes for Low Productivity in Agriculture and Measures to Improve Agricultural Productivity in India

Land Reforms in India

Green Revolution

Agricultural Credit and Rural Indebtedness

Agricultural Marketing in India

Agricultural Pricing Policy in India

Food Security

Unit 6: Industrial Sector

Structure of Indian Industry

Growth and Pattern of Industrial Development in India

Industrial Backwardness

Industrial Policy Resolutions

Economic Reforms

Demonetization

Goods and Services Tax

Make in India

Economic Reforms and Industrial Growth

Small Scale Industries: Characteristics, Role, Problems and Remedial Measures

Industrial Finance

Unit 7: Tertiary Sector

Importance of Tertiary Sector

Growth of Service Sector in India

Sector Performance at the State and UT Level

Performance of India's Key Sub-Sectors of Services

Tourism Sector

IT-BPM Services

Infrastructure

Transport Sector

Energy Sector

Telecom Sector

Banking Sector

Insurance Sector

Space Sector

Unit 8: Foreign Sector

Balance of Trade Vs Balance of Payments

Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments with Special Reference to India

Role of International Trade in Indian Economy

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Objectives and Functions of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

Objectives and Functions of World Trade Organization (WTO)

Impact of WTO on Indian Economy

Unit 9: Environmental Economics

Concept, Types and Importance of Environment in Economic Development

Concepts of Eco-System, Pollution and Environmental Degradation

Natural Resources

Need for Environmental Protection

Sustainable Development

Unit 10: Telangana Economy

Structure of Telangana State

Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP)

Per Capita Income at Current Prices in Telangana

Demographic Features of Telangana

Agricultural Sector in Telangana

Industrial Sector in Telangana

Services Sector in Telangana Development in Telangana

Infrastructural Development in Telangana

Poverty and Unemployment in Telangana

Development and Welfare Programmes in Telangana State

Human Geography

Meaning, Nature, scope, and relevance of Human Geography; Man - Environment relationships;

Branches of Human Geography - their general characteristics

World Population

Distribution, density of population, Growth of population in the world.

Composition of population: Age and Sex.

Factors affecting/influencing the distribution of population,

Migration: Internal and international; Causes and consequences

Human Development: concepts, Indicators and world patterns

Economic Geography

Economic Geography: Definition, Scope, and Significance;

Sectors of Economic activity: Concepts, changing trends.

Primary Activities: Concepts, changing trends. Food gathering, pastoral, mining, and subsistence agriculture. Modern Agriculture, people engaged in agricultural and allied activities. Fisheries - factors and important fishing grounds; agriculture regions of the world.

Secondary Activities: Concepts. Manufacturing industries: Locational factors, types - distribution and production - Agro-based: Textile (cotton), forest-based (paper), Mineral-based (Iron and steel): Petrochemical. Small scale manufacturing industries: locational factors, distribution, and production. People engaged in secondary activities examples

Tertiary Economic activities: Concepts, Trade, Transport, and Tourism; services, people engaged in the tertiary activities with some examples

Quarternry Economic activities: Concepts, people engaged in the quaternary with some examples.

World Transport and Trade

Relative significance of different means of transport - Land transport, Railways - transcontinental

Railways, Airways and Waterways.

Factors affecting land, water, and air transport;

World oceanic routes; important inland waterways and important canals;

International trade - Impact of globalization and economic development.

Role of WTO in International trade (World Trade Organization)

Environment and Resources

Resources: Definition, Classification - Resource depletion

Environment: Meaning, definition, and components; Environmental conservation and management; sustainable development

Human Settlements Settlement

Settlement types - rural and urban; urbanization trends and consequences

Physiography

Locational characteristics; Physical setting; Physiographic divisions; Geology, Drainage system: The Himalayan and Peninsular System

Climate

Origin of monsoon, climatic regions in India; distribution of temperature and Rainfall Soils: Types and distribution, characteristics; Soil degradation and conservation

Vegetation: Types and distribution Wildlife conservation, Biosphere reserves

Population

Population: Size, Growth, Distribution, and Density from 1901-2011; demographic characteristics: literacy, sex ratio; regional variations in population growth, Trends of Urbanization, population problems. Migration: International, National, causes and consequences. Human Development: Introduction and Regional Pattern

Resources

Mineral and Energy Resource Base: distribution and production Minerals - Iron ore, Manganese, and Bauxite; Power resources - Coal, Petroleum and natural gas, hydroelectric power; Non - conventional sources of energy (Solar, Wind and Biogas), Conservation of Resources.

Land Resources

Agriculture : General Land Use, Land Use Classification Distribution and production of Major Crops - wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton, caster and ground nut, Coffee and tea - their distribution, production, and trade; Impacts of Green revolution on Indian agriculture; Problems of Indian agriculture. Land Degradation

Water Resources

Irrigation and Power: Types of Irrigation, Wells, canals, and tanks

Major multipurpose projects: Bakra Nangal, Nagarjuna Sagar, Narmada and Damodar Valley Corporation.

Rain Water Harvesting and Watershed Management.

Industries

Location factors, growth, distribution, and trade Iron and Steel, Petro Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, and Knowledge-based industries (IT), Globalization and Economic Development, SEZs

Transport and Trade

Means of transport; roadways, railways, airways, and waterways, Major ports of India’s International trade.

Telangana

Administrative regions; physiography, Geology, Drainage

Climate

Distribution of climate, temperature, and rainfall.

Soils: Types and distribution, characteristics; Soil degradation and conservation

Vegetation: Types and distribution

Population

Size, Growth, Distribution and Density from 1961-2011; demographic characteristics: literacy, sex ratio; Rural and Urban populations.

Unit-I Geographical Sources Pre History:

Geographical features of Telangana - Pre and Proto a).History Literary Source: b). Archeological Sources: Pre History of Telangana Asmaka Janapada Assignment -I Assignment -II

Unit-II Age of Satavahanas: Source – Brief Political History

Gautamiputra Satakarni, Yagna Sri Satakarmi - Polity & Administrative System - Socieo - Economic conditions - Trade and Commerce - Language, Literature, Art and Architecture

Unit –III Post Satavahana Period:

Ikshavakus and Vishnukundins and their contributions, Kalyani Chalukyas, Mudigonda and Vemulavada Chalukyasmudiganda Chalukyas Rastrakutas and Vakatakas Kanduri Chodos Brief Political History

Unit –IV Age of Kakatiyas:

Sources Brief Political Histories Kakatiya dynasty - Rudradeva, Ganapathideva, Rudramadevi, Pratapa Rudra, Polity, Administrative System - Socio-economic conditions-agriculture and irrigation - Growth of Telugu Literture, Art and architecture Post Kakatiya Period: Musunuri and Recharla Rules

Unit – V Qutub Shahis

Important Rulers - Ibrahim Qutub Shah, Mohd Quli Qutb Shah - Polity and Administrative System, Trade and Commerce - Agriculture and Irrigation Development, Contribution to Telugu Literature, Art and architecture Mughal Rule in Telangana popular Residence SarvaiPapanna.

Unit – VI Asaf Jahis

Introduction- Foundation of Asaf Jahi Nizam-Mul-Mulk Asafjah-Nizam Ali Khan, Mir Mahabub Ali Khan, Mir Osman Ali Khan, Salarjung Reforms. Moderation of Hyderabad under last Nizams Growth of Industries Transportation and Communication Education and Health

Unit - VII Socio- Cultural and Policital awakening in Telangana

IntroductionDevelopment of Modern Education awakening Growth of Pree (in Brief) Library Movement – chanda Railway Scheme – Viveka vardhini incidental Formation of Nizam Andhra Mahasabha – its Activities and Conferences Details – Andhra Mahila Sabha Aryasamaj and its activities – Wahabi movement. Dalit movements – Bhagya Reddy Varma

Unit-VIII : Tribal and Peasant Movements in Telangana

Introduction: Land Revenue systems in Nizam State Tribal Movements. Ramji Gond Komuram Bheem Muslim Ittehadul Muslimin-ulparty – Razakars – Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle – causes and results.

Unit IX : Freedom Movement in Hyderabad State

Introducation – Growth of Nationalism in Hyderabad – 1857 Revolt – Turrebaz Khan – 1938 Vandamatram Movement in Osmania University – Hyderabad State Congress – its Prominent leaders – its activities – Join India Movement Police Action.

Unit X : Separate Telangana State Movement – Early Phase:

Introduction – Formation of Hyderabad state Brurguda Rama Krishna Rao – Demanel for vishalandhra - Assertion of Mulki Identity and the city college Incident (1952) – Fazul Ali Commission (SRC) – Gentleman’s agreement – Formation of Andhra Pradesh – Discrimination Dissent and Protest – violation of Gentlemen’s Agreement – Agitation for separate Telangana State Formation of TPS – Role of Intellectuals Students Employees in 1969 Movement.

Unit - XI: SeparteTelangana State Movement Later Phase

Introduction Second Phase Movement for separate Telangana – Formation of Various Associations – TelanganaAikyaVedika – Telangana Jana Sabha Telangana Rashtra Samiti (2001) – Mass Mobilization TJAC – Sakala Janula Samme – Millenniun March – Sagara Haram – Chalo Assembly – December 2009 Declaration and the Formation of Telangana State June-2024

Unit- XII: Fairs and Festivals of Telangana

Introduction: Fairs of Telangana with special reference to Sammakka Sarakka Edupayalu Nagoba Jathara- Gollagattu Jathara Kurumurthy. Festivals of Telangana with special reference to Bonalu – Bathukamma – Muharram - Teez