Section I – BOTANY |
Unit 1: Genetics and Evolution | Chapter 1 - Genetic Basis of Inheritance | - Mendelian inheritance. Deviations from Mendelian ratio (gene interaction incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups), Pleiotropy, Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance.
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Chapter 2 - Gene: its nature, expression, and regulation | - The modern concept of the gene is brief-cistron, muton, and recon. DNA as genetic material, the structure of DNA as given by Watson and Crick's model, DNA Packaging, semi-conservative replication of eukaryotic DNA.
- RNA: General structure, types, and functions.
- Protein Synthesis; central dogma, Transcription; Translation-Genetic Code,
- Gene Expression and Gene Regulation (The Lac operon as a typical model of gene regulation)
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Unit 2: Biotechnology and its Application | Chapter 3 - Biotechnology: Process and Application | - Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology):
- Transposons, Plasmids, Bacteriophages; Producing Restriction Fragments, Preparing and cloning a DNA Library, Gene Amplification (PCR).
- Application of Biotechnology in Agriculture – BT crops
- Biosafety Issues (Biopiracy and patents)
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Unit 3: Biology and Human Welfare | Chapter 4 - Enhancement in Food Production | - Plant Breeding
- Tissue Culture: Concept of Cellular
- Totipotency, Requirements of Tissue Culture (in brief),
- Callus Culture, Suspension Culture.
- Single Cell Protein.
- Biofortification.
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Chapter 5 - Microbes in Human Welfare | - Microbes in Household Food Processing.
- Microbes in Industrial Production.
- Microbes in Sewage Treatment.
- Microbes in Biogas (energy) Production.
- Microbes as Biocontrol Agents.
- Microbes as Biofertilizers.
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Unit 4: Plant Physiology | Chapter 6 - Photosynthesis | - Autotrophic nutrition
- Site of Photosynthesis
- Photosynthetic Pigments and their Role.
- Light-dependent reactions (Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation)
- Light-Independent Reactions (C3 and C4 Pathways)
- Chemiosmotic hypothesis, Photorespiration, and Factors affecting Photosynthesis.
- Law of Limiting Factors
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Chapter 7 - Respiration | - ATP as the currency of Energy
- Mechanism of Aerobic (Glycolysis, TCA
- Cycle, and Electron Transport System) and Anaerobic Respiration.
- Fermentation
- Exchange of gases
- Amphibolic pathway. The respiratory quotient of Nutrients.
- Significance of Respiration
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Unit 5: Reproduction in Organisms | Chapter 8 - Reproduction in Plants | - Modes of Reproduction (Asexual and Sexual).
- Asexual reproduction; uniparental modes vegetative propagation, micropropagation
- Sexual Reproduction: structure of flower
- Development of male gametophyte,
- Structure of anatropous ovule.
- Development of female Gametophyte.
- Pollination: Types and Agencies.
- Outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction.
- Double Fertilization: Process and Significance.
- Post-fertilization changes (development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed, and formation of fruit)
- Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony. Significance of seed and fruit formation
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Unit 6: Ecology and Environment | Chapter 9: Organisms and Environment -I: Habitat and Niche | - Ecosystems: Patterns, components, productivity and composition, energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy; nutrient cycling (carbon and
- phosphorous).
- Ecological succession, Ecological services carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen
- release. Environmental issues: agrochemicals and their effects, solid waste
- management, Greenhouse effect and global warming, ozone depletion, deforestation, case studies (any two).
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Section II - ZOOLOGY |
Unit 1: Genetics and Evolution | Chapter 10 - Origin and the Evolution of Life | - Origin of Life: Early Earth, Spontaneous,
- assembly of organic compounds,
- Evolution: Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic Theory of evolution, Biological Evidences, Mechanism of evolution; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy Weinberg principle; Adaptive radiation. Origin and Evolution of Human Beings
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Chapter 11 - Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance | - The Chromosomal Theory.
- Chromosomes.
- Linkage and Crossing Over.
- Sex-linked Inheritance (Haemophilia and color blindness).
- Sex Determination in Human being, birds, honey bee.Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia. Chromosomal disorders in humans: Down’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, and Klinfelter’s
- syndrome.
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Unit 2: Biotechnology and its Application | Chapter 12- Genetic Engineering and Genomics | - DNA Finger Printing.
- Genomics and Human Genome Project.
- Biotechnological Applications in Health:
- Human insulin and vaccine production,
- Gene Therapy. Transgenic animals
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Unit 3: Biology and Human Welfare | Chapter 13- Human Health and Diseases | - Concepts of Immunology: Immunity Types, Vaccines,
- Structure of Antibody, Antigen-Antibody
- Complex, Antigens on blood cells.
- Pathogens and Parasites (Amoebiasis, Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, Common cold, and ringworm).
- Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.
- Cancer and AIDS.
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Chapter 14- Animal Husbandry | - Management of Farms and Farm Animals. Dairy. Poultry. Animal Breeding. Bee-Keeping. Fisheries. Sericulture Lac culture
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Unit 4: Human Physiology | Chapter 15- Circulation | - Blood composition and coagulation, Blood groups.
- Structure and pumping action of Heart.
- Blood Vessels.
- Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation.
- Heart beat and Pulse. Rhythmicity of Heart beat. Cardiac output, Regulation of cardiac activity.
- Blood-related disorders: Hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, and heart failure.
- ECG, Lymphatic System (Brief idea):
- Composition of lymph and its functions.
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Chapter 16- Excretion and osmoregulation | - Modes of excretion-Ammonotelism,
- ureotelism, uricotelism.
- Excretory System.
- Composition and formation of urine.
- Role of Kidney in Osmoregulation.
- Regulation of kidney function: renin-angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor,
- ADH and Diabetes inspidus, the role of other organs in excretion.
- Disorders; Kidney failure, Dialysis, Kidney stone (renal calculi). Transplantation.
- Uraemia, nephritis.
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Chapter 17- Control and Coordination | - Nervous System
- Structure and functions of brain and
- Spinal cord, brief idea about PNS and ANS.
- Transmission of nerve impulse.
- Reflex action.
- Sensory receptors (eye and ear), Sensory perception, and the general idea of other sense organs.
- Endocrine System
- Endocrine glands
- Hormones and their functions
- Mechanism of hormone action.
- Hormones as messengers and regulators.
- Hormonal imbalance and diseases:
- Common disorders (Dwarfism,
- Acromegaly, cretinism, goiter,
- exophthalmic goiter, Diabetes mellitus, Addison’s disease)
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Unit 5: Reproduction in Organisms | Chapter 18- Human Reproduction | - Reproductive system in male and female.
- Histology of testis and ovary. Reproductive cycle.
- Production of gametes, fertilization, implantation.
- Embryo development up to three germinal layers.
- Pregnancy, placenta, parturition, and
- lactation (Elementary idea).
- Reproductive health-birth control,
- Contraception, and sexually transmitted Diseases.
- MTP, Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness).
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Unit 6: Ecology and Environment | Chapter 19- Organisms and Environment-II | - Population and ecological adaptations: population interactions,
- competition, predation, parasitism,
- population attributes- growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.
- Biodiversity and its conservation
- Biodiversity- concept, patterns, importance, loss. Threats to and need for biodiversity conservation, Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, red data book, biosphere reserves, national parks, and sanctuaries. Environmental issues: air pollution and its control, water pollution and its control, and radioactive waste management. (Case studies any two)
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