AP Intermediate Commerce Syllabus 2025-26: Check AP Inter Commerce Subject Wise Syllabus

1

Economic Growth and Development

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Economic growth

1.2 Economic Development

1.3 Differences Between Economic Growth and Development

1.4 Classification of the World Countries

1.5 Indicators of Economic Development

1.6 Determinants of Economic Development

1.7 Characteristic features of Developer Countries

1.8 Characteristic features of developing countries with special reference to India

2

Population and Human Resources Development

2.0 Introduction

2.1 Theory of Demographic Transition

2.2 World Population

2.3 Causes of Rapid Growth of Population in India

2.4 Occupational distribution of Population of India

2.5 Meaning of Human Resources Development

2.6 Role of Education and Health in Economic Development

2.7 Human Development Index (HDI)

3

National Income

3.0 Introduction

3.1 Trends in the growth of India’s National Income

3.2 Trends in distribution of national income by industry origin

3.3 Share of Public Sector and Private Sector in Gross Domestic Product

3.4 Share of Organised and Un-organised Sector in Net Domestic Product

3.5 Income Inequalities

3.6 Causes of Income Inequalities

3.7 Measures to control income inequalities

3.8 Unemployment in India

3.9 Poverty

3.10 Micro Finance – Eradication of Poverty

4

Agriculture Sector

4.0 Introduction

4.1 Importance of agriculture in India

4.2 Features of Indian agriculture

4.3 Agriculture Labour in India

4.4 Land Utilization Pattern in India

4.5 Cropping pattern in India

4.6 Organic Farming

4.7 Irrigation facilities in India

4.8 Productivity of agriculture

4.9 Land holdings in India

4.10 Land reforms in India

4.11 Green Revolution in India

4.12 Rural credit in India

4.13 Rural Indebtedness in India

4.14 Agricultural Marketing

5

Industrial Sector

5.0 Introduction

5.1 Significance of the Indian Industrial Sector in the Post-Reform Period

5.2 Industrial Policy Resolution 1948

5.3 Industrial Policy Resolution 1956

5.4 Industrial Policy Resolution 1991

5.5 National Manufacturing Policy

5.6 Disinvestment

5.7 National Investment Fund (NIF)

5.8 Foreign Direct Investment

5.9 Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

5.10 Causes of industrial backwardness in India

5.11 Small Scale Enterprises (MSMEs)

5.12 Industrial Estates

5.13 Industrial Finance in India

5.14 Industrial Development under the Five-Year Plans in India

6

Tertiary Sector

6.0 Introduction

6.1 Importance of the Services Sector

6.2 India’s Services Sector

6.3 State-wise Comparison of Services

6.4 Infrastructure Development

6.5 Tourism

6.6 Banking and Insurance

6.7 Communication

6.8 Science and Technology

6.9 Software Industry in India

7

Planning and Economic Reforms

7.1 Meaning of Planning

7.2 NITI Aayog

7.3 Five-Year Plans in India

7.4 XII Five-Year Plan

7.5 Regional Imbalances

7.6 Role of Trade in Economic Development

7.7 Economic Reforms in India

7.8 GATT

7.9 WTO

8

Environment and Sustainable Economic Development

8.1 Environment

8.2 Economic Development

8.3 Environment and Economic Linkages

8.4 Harmony between Environment & Economy

9

Economy of Andhra Pradesh

9.1 History of Andhra Pradesh

9.2 Characteristic features of A.P. Economy

9.3 Demographic features

9.4 Occupational distribution of labour

9.5 Health Sector

9.6 Education

9.7 Environment

9.8 Agricultural Sector

9.9 Industrial Sector

9.10 Service and Infrastructure sector

9.11 Information and Technology

9.12 Tourism

9.13 Andhra Pradesh and Welfare Programmes/Schemes

10

Economic Statistics

10.1 Measures of Dispersion

10.2 Definitions of Dispersion

10.3 Importance of Measuring Variation

10.4 Properties of a good measure of variation

10.5 Methods of studying variation

10.6 Measures of Dispersion for Average

10.7 Lorenz Curve

10.8 Correlation

10.9 Index Numbers

10.10 Weighted Aggregation Method

Chapter I: Entrepreneurship

1.1 Entrepreneur

1.2 Entrepreneurship

Chapter II: Domestic and International Trade

2.1 Domestic Trade

2.2 International Trade

Chapter III: Business Services

3.1 Meaning and characteristics

3.2 Distinction between services and goods

3.3 Types of business services

Chapter IV: Financial Markets

4.1 Financial Markets

4.2 Money Market

4.3 Capital Market

4.4 Distinguish between Money Market and Capital Market

4.5 Stock Exchange

4.6 SEBI

Chapter – V: Consumer Protection

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Concept of Consumer Protection

5.3 Importance of Consumer Protection

5.4 Consumer Rights

5.5 Consumer Responsibilities

5.6 Ways and Means of Consumer Protection

5.7 Legal Protection to Consumers (Various Acts)

5.8 Redressal Agencies under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986

Prose

Of Studies - Francis Bacon

The Secret of Work - Swami Vivekananda

J C Bose - Aldous Huxley

In Celebration of Being Alive - Dr Christian Barnard

Learning from the West - N R Narayana Murthy

Poetry

On His Having Arrived at the Age of Twenty-Three - John Milton

The Tables Turned - William Wordsworth

The Builders - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Any Woman - Katharine Tynan

A Challenge to Fate - Sarojini Naidu

Nondetailed Text

About the Adventures of Tom Sawyer

List of Characters

Chapters 1 to 8

Glossary

About the Author

Summary

Major Characters

Comprehension Passages

Essay Questions

Study and Communication Skills

Conversation Practice

Letter Writing

Word Stress

Reading Comprehension

Interpretation of Non-verbal Information

The Language of Advertisements

Vocabulary

Describing a Process

Note Making

Curriculum Vitae

Completing a Form

1

The Constitution of India

2

Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy

3

Union Executive

4

Union Legislature

5

Union Judiciary

6

State Executive

7

State Legislature

8

State Judiciary

9

Union-State Relations

10

Local Governments in India

11

Elections and Representation

12

Political Parties

13

Recent Development in Andhra Pradesh and India

1

Chapter 1: Complex Numbers

1.1 Complex number as an ordered pair of real numbers

1.2 Representation in the form a+ib

1.3 Modulus and Amplitude – Illustrations

1.4 Geometrical and Polar representation – Argand diagram

2

Chapter 2: De Moivre’s Theorem

2.1 Theorem – Integral and Rational Indices

2.2 nth roots of unity – Geometrical Interpretations

3

Chapter 3: Quadratic Expressions

3.1 Equations in one variable

3.2 Sign, Change of signs, Max/Min

3.3 Quadratic Inequations

4

Chapter 4: Theory of Equations

4.1 Roots and Coefficients relations

4.2 Solving using known root relations

4.3 Complex roots in conjugate pairs

4.4 Transformation & Reciprocal equations

5

Chapter 5: Permutations and Combinations

5.1 Fundamental Principles – Linear & Circular

5.2 Permutations of n dissimilar items

5.3 Repetitions allowed

5.4 Circular permutations

5.5 Constant repetitions

5.6 Combinations – Definitions and Theorems

6

Chapter 6: Binomial Theorem

6.1 Positive integral index

6.2 Rational index

6.3 Approximations using Binomial Theorem

7

Chapter 7: Partial Fractions

7.0 Rational Fractions

7.1 Non-repeated linear factors

7.2 Repeated and/or non-repeated linear factors

7.3 Irreducible factors

8

Chapter 8: Measure of Dispersion

8.1 Range

8.2 Mean Deviation

8.3 Variance & Standard Deviation (ungrouped/grouped)

8.4 Coefficient of Variation; analysis with same mean but different variances

9

Chapter 9: Probability

9.1 Random Experiments and Events

9.2 Classical & Axiomatic definitions; Addition Theorem

9.3 Independent/Dependent events, Conditional Probability, Multiplication Theorem, Bayes’ Theorem

10

Chapter 10: Random Variables and Probability Distributions

10.1 Random Variables

10.2 Binomial and Poisson distributions

1

Chapter 1: Circle

1.1 Equation, standard form, centre & radius

1.2 Position of a point, tangent definition

1.3 Condition for line to be tangent

1.4 Chord of contact & polar

1.5 Relative positions of two circles

2

Chapter 2: System of Circles

2.1 Angle between two intersecting circles

2.2 Radical axis of two circles

3

Chapter-3: Parabola

3.1 Conic sections

3.2 Tangent & normal at a point on parabola

4

Chapter-4: Ellipse

4.1 Standard form, parametric equations

4.2 Tangent & normal at a point on ellipse

5

Chapter-5: Hyperbola

5.1 Standard form, parametric equations

5.2 Tangent & normal at a point on hyperbola

6

Chapter-6: Integration

6.1 Inverse of differentiation, standard forms, properties

6.2 Substitution method (algebraic, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric, inverse trig.)

6.2(A) Integration by substitution (algebraic/trig.)

6.2(B) Integration by parts (exp., log., inverse trig.)

6.3 Partial fractions

6.4 Reduction formulae

7

Chapter 7: Definite Integrals

7.1 Limit of a sum

7.2 Area interpretation

7.3 Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus

7.4 Properties

7.5 Reduction formulae

7.6 Applications to areas

8

Chapter 8: Differential Equations

8.1 Formation, degree & order

8.2 Solving methods:

(a) Variables separable

(b) Homogeneous

(c) Non-homogeneous

(d) Linear differential equations